1
00:00:02,702 --> 00:00:04,329
Should harm come to me...

2
00:00:05,572 --> 00:00:07,563
who will stand with you...

3
00:00:08,541 --> 00:00:10,202
under the lantern?

4
00:00:11,411 --> 00:00:14,676
With you, Lili Marleen.

5
00:00:22,989 --> 00:00:27,187
What is your life like in America?
Do you have a family?

6
00:00:27,260 --> 00:00:30,457
Yes, I have a daughter,
and she has four children.

7
00:00:30,797 --> 00:00:34,028
Four? You must be very proud of them.

8
00:00:34,200 --> 00:00:36,100
Yes, I am. I admit it.

9
00:00:36,970 --> 00:00:40,701
- And where's your wife?
- She died a few years ago.

10
00:00:44,377 --> 00:00:47,744
- How about you? Do you have children?
- No, I don't.

11
00:00:49,415 --> 00:00:52,873
What is your position in America?
It must be important.

12
00:00:52,952 --> 00:00:56,046
No, it isn't, really. 
I'm a District Court Judge.

13
00:00:56,589 --> 00:00:59,114
I haven't even been that 
for the last year.

14
00:00:59,292 --> 00:01:00,850
Are you retired?

15
00:01:00,927 --> 00:01:03,157
Forcibly, by the electorate.

16
00:01:03,496 --> 00:01:06,363
You elect judges in the United States?

17
00:01:06,833 --> 00:01:10,701
- Yes, in some states.
- I didn't know that.

18
00:01:10,770 --> 00:01:14,763
It's either one of the virtues or one 
of the defects of our judicial system.

19
00:01:14,841 --> 00:01:18,743
I thought it was one of the virtues
until last year, when I was defeated.

20
00:01:18,911 --> 00:01:22,142
I'm sure it was the fault
of the electorate, not yours.

21
00:01:22,282 --> 00:01:25,581
Seems to be some difference 
of opinion about that.

22
00:01:29,055 --> 00:01:30,818
This is where I live.

23
00:01:30,890 --> 00:01:34,382
- Here?
- Yes. It's not so bad inside.

24
00:01:34,460 --> 00:01:37,054
Would you like to come up?
I could make some coffee.

25
00:01:37,130 --> 00:01:38,722
Yes, thank you.

26
00:01:56,783 --> 00:01:59,343
Things haven't been very easy for you,
have they?

27
00:01:59,585 --> 00:02:01,815
I'm not used to them being easy.

28
00:02:01,954 --> 00:02:04,286
I'm not fragile, Judge Haywood.

29
00:02:04,891 --> 00:02:09,021
I'm a daughter of the military.
You know what that means, don't you?

30
00:02:09,896 --> 00:02:11,488
No, I'm afraid I don't.

31
00:02:12,131 --> 00:02:14,531
It means I was taught discipline.

32
00:02:15,501 --> 00:02:17,526
A very special kind of discipline.

33
00:02:17,603 --> 00:02:19,127
For instance, when I was a child...

34
00:02:19,205 --> 00:02:22,106
we used to go for long rides
into the country in summertime.

35
00:02:22,442 --> 00:02:25,878
But I was never allowed to run
to the lemonade stand with the others.

36
00:02:26,846 --> 00:02:29,747
I was told, "Control your thirst.

37
00:02:31,384 --> 00:02:32,976
"Control hunger.

38
00:02:34,320 --> 00:02:35,787
"Control emotion."

39
00:02:36,456 --> 00:02:38,321
It has served me well.

40
00:02:39,559 --> 00:02:40,924
And your husband?

41
00:02:40,993 --> 00:02:43,188
Was he of that heritage, too?

42
00:02:43,463 --> 00:02:45,124
My husband was a soldier.

43
00:02:45,198 --> 00:02:49,635
He was brought up to do one thing:
To fight in the battle, and fight well.

44
00:02:53,206 --> 00:02:56,175
- Is the coffee all right?
- Fine, thank you.

45
00:02:56,242 --> 00:02:58,733
It's ersatz, but I always try 
to make it strong.

46
00:02:58,811 --> 00:03:00,142
It's fine.

47
00:03:06,252 --> 00:03:07,446
I'm curious.

48
00:03:09,655 --> 00:03:11,589
What do you think of Ernst Janning?

49
00:03:15,261 --> 00:03:19,595
I really am not at liberty to discuss the case
outside of the courtroom.

50
00:03:19,899 --> 00:03:21,696
Yes, of course.

51
00:03:26,806 --> 00:03:28,797
I knew Ernst Janning a little.

52
00:03:28,875 --> 00:03:31,400
We used to attend the same concerts.

53
00:03:31,711 --> 00:03:35,272
I remember there was a reception given
for Wagner's daughter-in-law.

54
00:03:35,348 --> 00:03:36,975
Hitler was there.

55
00:03:37,383 --> 00:03:40,011
Ernst Janning was there with his wife.

56
00:03:40,620 --> 00:03:42,520
She was very beautiful...

57
00:03:42,855 --> 00:03:45,153
very small, very delicate.

58
00:03:45,425 --> 00:03:46,949
She's dead now.

59
00:03:48,227 --> 00:03:50,491
Hitler was quite taken with her.

60
00:03:50,563 --> 00:03:53,589
He made advances towards her
during the reception.

61
00:03:53,666 --> 00:03:57,033
He used to do things like that
in a burst of emotion.

62
00:03:57,270 --> 00:04:00,706
I will never forget
the way Ernst Janning cut him down.

63
00:04:01,374 --> 00:04:04,207
I don't think anybody ever did it
to him quite that way.

64
00:04:04,277 --> 00:04:06,575
He said, "Chancellor...

65
00:04:07,013 --> 00:04:10,176
"I do not object so much
that you are so ill-mannered.

66
00:04:11,217 --> 00:04:13,117
"I do not object to that so much.

67
00:04:14,554 --> 00:04:16,954
"I object that you are such a bourgeois."

68
00:04:18,491 --> 00:04:21,722
Hitler whitened, stared at Janning,
and walked out.

69
00:04:26,799 --> 00:04:31,099
- Is the coffee really all right?
- Fine, thank you.

70
00:04:33,639 --> 00:04:35,004
Men like Janning...

71
00:04:36,142 --> 00:04:37,507
my husband and I...

72
00:04:37,743 --> 00:04:40,041
we hated Hitler. 
I want you to know that.

73
00:04:40,646 --> 00:04:42,204
And he hated us.

74
00:04:43,049 --> 00:04:46,314
He hated my husband
because he was a real war hero...

75
00:04:46,452 --> 00:04:49,546
and the little corporal 
couldn't tolerate that.

76
00:04:49,889 --> 00:04:52,483
And he hated him
because he married into nobility...

77
00:04:53,326 --> 00:04:54,793
which was my family.

78
00:04:55,828 --> 00:04:59,127
Hitler was in awe of the nobility,
but he hated it.

79
00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:04,561
That's why it's so ironic, 
what happened.

80
00:05:09,008 --> 00:05:11,408
You know what happened to my husband,
don't you?

81
00:05:11,477 --> 00:05:12,535
Yes.

82
00:05:13,012 --> 00:05:16,106
What did he know of the crimes
they cited him for?

83
00:05:17,149 --> 00:05:20,607
He was placed on trial
with the other military leaders.

84
00:05:21,053 --> 00:05:24,682
It was part of their revenge.
The victors always take on the vanquished.

85
00:05:26,993 --> 00:05:28,984
It was political murder.

86
00:05:29,996 --> 00:05:32,157
You can see that, can't you?

87
00:05:33,332 --> 00:05:36,563
Mrs. Bertholt, I don't know what I see.

88
00:05:37,904 --> 00:05:41,863
I probably shouldn't be here
talking with you about this at all.

89
00:05:43,142 --> 00:05:46,873
But I want to understand.
I do want to understand.

90
00:05:48,080 --> 00:05:49,411
I have to.

91
00:06:03,195 --> 00:06:05,095
Would you like some more coffee?

92
00:06:06,165 --> 00:06:07,689
Yes, thank you.

93
00:06:17,076 --> 00:06:18,202
Hi.

94
00:06:23,215 --> 00:06:24,944
We found Irene Hoffman.

95
00:06:26,819 --> 00:06:28,514
- Where?
- Berlin.

96
00:06:29,355 --> 00:06:30,720
Berlin, eh?

97
00:06:30,990 --> 00:06:35,620
She got married. Her name is Wallner now.
That's why we had difficulty locating her.

98
00:06:35,695 --> 00:06:38,789
- When is she coming?
- She's not coming.

99
00:06:39,065 --> 00:06:40,965
What do you mean, she's not coming?

100
00:06:41,033 --> 00:06:42,933
She doesn't want to come.

101
00:06:43,002 --> 00:06:47,132
You know what it's like.
None of them want to testify anymore.

102
00:06:47,673 --> 00:06:49,664
If I catch the midnight...

103
00:06:50,009 --> 00:06:53,069
I could make it to Berlin,
and be back by tomorrow afternoon.

104
00:06:53,145 --> 00:06:56,808
- Tad, you haven't had any sleep--
- It'll be worth it if I can get Hoffman.

105
00:06:56,882 --> 00:06:59,851
Take over for me in court
in the morning, will you?

106
00:07:52,738 --> 00:07:53,864
Colonel, please!

107
00:07:53,939 --> 00:07:58,638
I told you before, when you first came in.
I say it again now.

108
00:07:58,744 --> 00:08:00,507
We are through with all this.

109
00:08:00,980 --> 00:08:04,040
She does not have to go,
you have no right to order her to go.

110
00:08:04,116 --> 00:08:06,414
Mr. Wallner, I'm not ordering her to go.

111
00:08:06,485 --> 00:08:08,919
I have no authority to order her to go.

112
00:08:09,088 --> 00:08:12,216
Do you think we get a medal
for appearing at these trials?

113
00:08:12,391 --> 00:08:13,653
The people do not like them.

114
00:08:13,726 --> 00:08:17,059
They do not believe that Germans
should testify against other Germans.

115
00:08:17,329 --> 00:08:22,164
I haven't been prosecuting these cases
for the past two years without knowing that.

116
00:08:30,476 --> 00:08:32,671
It is easy for you to say go.

117
00:08:32,745 --> 00:08:36,909
After the trial you will go back to America,
but we must stay and live with these people.

118
00:08:36,982 --> 00:08:40,110
Don't you think I realize what I'm asking?

119
00:08:40,186 --> 00:08:43,587
Then how can you come in like the Gestapo,
in the middle of the night--

120
00:08:43,656 --> 00:08:47,456
Because they must not be allowed
to get away with what they did.

121
00:08:48,461 --> 00:08:52,090
You really think they won't 
get away with it in the end?

122
00:08:54,900 --> 00:08:57,300
I say the hell with them,
and the hell with you.

123
00:08:57,369 --> 00:08:58,495
Hugo.

124
00:09:09,548 --> 00:09:11,948
Emil Hahn will be there?

125
00:09:13,385 --> 00:09:15,546
Yes. In the dock.

126
00:09:18,758 --> 00:09:20,248
Ernst Janning?

127
00:09:22,361 --> 00:09:23,419
Yes.

128
00:09:33,572 --> 00:09:35,767
You saw the store downstairs.

129
00:09:39,145 --> 00:09:40,737
It's not much...

130
00:09:41,647 --> 00:09:43,740
but it's a new start for us.

131
00:09:45,951 --> 00:09:48,715
They will come if I go to Nuremberg.

132
00:09:51,590 --> 00:09:52,989
They will come...

133
00:09:54,226 --> 00:09:55,921
and break the windows of the store.

134
00:09:55,995 --> 00:09:58,555
I'll place a guard in front of the store,
24 hours a day.

135
00:09:58,631 --> 00:10:01,225
You do not have to go.
He has no right to ask you to go.

136
00:10:01,300 --> 00:10:02,995
You do have to go.

137
00:10:03,836 --> 00:10:07,772
You have to go, for all those people
who can't get up on the stand themselves.

138
00:10:07,840 --> 00:10:11,173
- You do not owe it to anybody!
- Yes, you do!

139
00:10:15,681 --> 00:10:17,808
You owe it to one person, at least.

140
00:10:38,470 --> 00:10:39,869
In the night...

141
00:10:40,673 --> 00:10:42,231
every night...

142
00:10:44,109 --> 00:10:47,806
we've known somehow
it would come to this.

143
00:11:04,230 --> 00:11:07,290
Dr. Geuter, do you recognize that headline?

144
00:11:07,733 --> 00:11:09,098
Yes, sir.

145
00:11:09,168 --> 00:11:11,602
Would you read it to the tribunal?

146
00:11:11,770 --> 00:11:13,897
"Death to the race defiler."

147
00:11:14,073 --> 00:11:16,405
In what newspaper did it appear?

148
00:11:16,709 --> 00:11:19,405
In Julius Streicher's <i>Der St�rmer.</i>

149
00:11:19,478 --> 00:11:21,776
What was it in connection with?

150
00:11:22,715 --> 00:11:24,615
The Feldenstein case.

151
00:11:24,817 --> 00:11:27,047
What was the Feldenstein case?

152
00:11:27,286 --> 00:11:28,776
Your Honor...

153
00:11:28,954 --> 00:11:31,718
defense objects to the introduction 
of the Feldenstein case.

154
00:11:31,790 --> 00:11:35,624
It is a notorious case,
perhaps the most notorious of the period.

155
00:11:35,694 --> 00:11:40,358
It has overtones, 
and appeals to emotion...

156
00:11:40,733 --> 00:11:43,668
that would perhaps be best not raised.

157
00:11:43,736 --> 00:11:47,797
There are no issues or overtones
that may not be raised in this courtroom.

158
00:11:47,940 --> 00:11:50,932
The tribunal is interested in everything
that is relevant.

159
00:11:51,010 --> 00:11:52,910
Objection is overruled.

160
00:11:57,349 --> 00:11:59,544
It's all right. 
I'll take it.

161
00:12:02,955 --> 00:12:04,980
May it please the tribunal?

162
00:12:05,057 --> 00:12:07,252
- You may continue.
- Thank you.

163
00:12:16,635 --> 00:12:17,795
Now.

164
00:12:18,470 --> 00:12:20,335
What was the Feldenstein case?

165
00:12:21,707 --> 00:12:25,302
The case of a man
accused of racial pollution.

166
00:12:25,945 --> 00:12:29,779
Will you explain what is meant
by "racial pollution"?

167
00:12:30,783 --> 00:12:34,844
This is the charge
that is referred to in the Nuremberg Laws.

168
00:12:36,055 --> 00:12:40,617
It says that any non-Aryan
having sexual relations with an Aryan...

169
00:12:40,993 --> 00:12:42,893
may be punished by death.

170
00:12:43,062 --> 00:12:46,862
When did you first become acquainted
with the Feldenstein case?

171
00:12:48,133 --> 00:12:52,297
In September 1935,
I was contacted by the police.

172
00:12:52,371 --> 00:12:55,465
They said that Mr. Feldenstein
was being held...

173
00:12:55,674 --> 00:12:59,974
and that he requested
that I serve as his counselor.

174
00:13:00,112 --> 00:13:02,478
What position did he hold
in the community?

175
00:13:02,648 --> 00:13:05,378
He was a very well-known merchant.

176
00:13:05,651 --> 00:13:09,644
He was one of the heads
of the Jewish congregation in Nuremberg.

177
00:13:10,155 --> 00:13:13,488
What was the nature 
of the charge against him?

178
00:13:14,493 --> 00:13:17,690
He was accused
of having intimate relations...

179
00:13:18,364 --> 00:13:21,822
with a 16-year-old girl, 
Irene Hoffman.

180
00:13:23,002 --> 00:13:24,264
I see.

181
00:13:25,504 --> 00:13:28,735
And what did he say to you 
about the case?

182
00:13:29,608 --> 00:13:31,405
He said it was false.

183
00:13:31,710 --> 00:13:34,406
He said he knew the girl 
and her family a long time.

184
00:13:34,546 --> 00:13:36,946
He'd gone to visit her since they died.

185
00:13:37,116 --> 00:13:41,280
But there had never been anything
of the kind charged between them.

186
00:13:43,022 --> 00:13:47,755
Doctor, would you please tell the tribunal
what happened then?

187
00:13:49,094 --> 00:13:52,791
He was indicted before
the special court at Nuremberg.

188
00:13:52,965 --> 00:13:55,365
And where was this special court?

189
00:13:55,567 --> 00:13:58,263
It was right here, this building.

190
00:13:59,071 --> 00:14:00,538
This very courtroom.

191
00:14:03,409 --> 00:14:06,003
What were the circumstances
surrounding the trial?

192
00:14:08,280 --> 00:14:13,081
It was used as a show place
for National Socialism.

193
00:14:14,586 --> 00:14:17,919
It was the time
of the September celebrations...

194
00:14:18,490 --> 00:14:20,151
the Nuremberg rallies.

195
00:14:21,260 --> 00:14:23,319
The courtroom was crowded.

196
00:14:24,029 --> 00:14:26,589
Back there, people were standing up.

197
00:14:28,100 --> 00:14:31,592
Julius Streicher was sitting
in one of the front seats.

198
00:14:32,538 --> 00:14:35,803
And high officials of the Nazi Party
were all over.

199
00:14:38,877 --> 00:14:40,344
Would you please tell us...

200
00:14:40,879 --> 00:14:44,576
what were your expectations for the trial
in this climate?

201
00:14:45,150 --> 00:14:46,845
I expected the worst...

202
00:14:47,686 --> 00:14:49,415
when I saw...

203
00:14:50,355 --> 00:14:52,789
that Emil Hahn was the public prosecutor.

204
00:14:53,692 --> 00:14:55,319
He was a fanatic.

205
00:14:55,994 --> 00:14:59,486
His trials were always marked
by extreme brutality.

206
00:15:05,437 --> 00:15:08,338
But I had one hope for the outcome...

207
00:15:11,143 --> 00:15:13,577
because sitting on the judge's bench...

208
00:15:15,080 --> 00:15:16,547
was Ernst Janning.

209
00:15:17,850 --> 00:15:22,048
His reputation was known throughout Germany.

210
00:15:22,121 --> 00:15:26,421
He was known to have dedicated 
his life to justice.

211
00:15:27,226 --> 00:15:29,251
To the concept of justice.

212
00:15:32,798 --> 00:15:34,663
Thank you. That's all.

213
00:15:37,803 --> 00:15:39,293
Any questions?

214
00:15:41,273 --> 00:15:43,241
Thank you. No questions.

215
00:15:43,609 --> 00:15:45,509
The witness is excused.

216
00:15:47,079 --> 00:15:49,309
The prosecution calls to the stand...

217
00:15:50,415 --> 00:15:52,383
Irene Hoffman Wallner.

218
00:16:16,675 --> 00:16:18,973
Will you raise your right hand?

219
00:16:19,511 --> 00:16:21,570
I swear by God,
the Almighty and Omniscient...

220
00:16:21,647 --> 00:16:24,878
that I will speak the pure truth,
and will withhold and add nothing.

221
00:16:24,950 --> 00:16:26,042
I do.

222
00:16:30,789 --> 00:16:34,156
Will you please state your name
to the tribunal?

223
00:16:36,995 --> 00:16:39,327
Irene Hoffman Wallner.

224
00:16:39,831 --> 00:16:41,321
Mrs. Wallner...

225
00:16:42,601 --> 00:16:45,365
did you know Lehman Feldenstein?

226
00:16:46,071 --> 00:16:47,265
Yes.

227
00:16:47,339 --> 00:16:49,569
When did you first meet him?

228
00:16:50,275 --> 00:16:53,472
It was 1925 or 1926.

229
00:16:54,646 --> 00:16:56,443
I am not sure exactly.

230
00:16:57,149 --> 00:16:59,117
How old was he at this time?

231
00:16:59,251 --> 00:17:01,116
He was in his 50s.

232
00:17:01,587 --> 00:17:04,522
And how old was he
at the time of his arrest?

233
00:17:06,625 --> 00:17:08,991
He was 65.

234
00:17:09,795 --> 00:17:11,160
I see.

235
00:17:11,830 --> 00:17:14,628
What was the nature of your relationship?

236
00:17:16,468 --> 00:17:18,060
We were friends.

237
00:17:19,304 --> 00:17:22,535
Did you continue to see him
after your parents died?

238
00:17:22,708 --> 00:17:24,608
- Yes.
- Why?

239
00:17:26,378 --> 00:17:27,970
We were friends.

240
00:17:29,848 --> 00:17:32,749
He owned the building that I lived in.

241
00:17:33,585 --> 00:17:36,554
His business took him there quite often.

242
00:17:38,624 --> 00:17:43,584
What did you say to the police
when they questioned you...

243
00:17:43,662 --> 00:17:46,495
about having intimate relations with him?

244
00:17:47,432 --> 00:17:50,333
I told them it was a lie.

245
00:17:51,036 --> 00:17:54,164
Could you tell me
who the public prosecutor was?

246
00:17:57,709 --> 00:17:59,040
Emil Hahn.

247
00:18:00,379 --> 00:18:02,472
Did Emil Hahn question you?

248
00:18:04,182 --> 00:18:05,240
Yes.

249
00:18:05,317 --> 00:18:07,217
What did he say to you?

250
00:18:11,023 --> 00:18:15,392
He took me into a separate room,
where we were alone.

251
00:18:17,262 --> 00:18:20,663
He told me that it was no use...

252
00:18:21,166 --> 00:18:22,827
to repeat my story...

253
00:18:23,835 --> 00:18:26,201
because no one would believe me.

254
00:18:27,973 --> 00:18:30,407
There had been a race defilement...

255
00:18:31,410 --> 00:18:33,401
and the only pardon for this was...

256
00:18:34,279 --> 00:18:36,304
to kill the violator.

257
00:18:39,418 --> 00:18:43,149
He told me that if I protected...

258
00:18:44,489 --> 00:18:45,922
Mr. Feldenstein...

259
00:18:46,258 --> 00:18:50,319
that I would be held 
under arrest for perjury.

260
00:18:51,296 --> 00:18:53,025
What did you reply to him?

261
00:18:54,466 --> 00:18:58,664
I told him what I had said 
again and again.

262
00:18:58,737 --> 00:19:02,901
I told him that I could not say 
anything else.

263
00:19:02,974 --> 00:19:07,434
I could not lie about someone
who had been so kind to me.

264
00:19:08,213 --> 00:19:10,113
Were you held under arrest?

265
00:19:11,550 --> 00:19:12,812
Yes.

266
00:19:14,219 --> 00:19:15,846
Mrs. Wallner, tell us...

267
00:19:17,456 --> 00:19:18,889
what was the...

268
00:19:19,925 --> 00:19:24,328
the manner in which Emil Hahn
conducted the prosecution?

269
00:19:28,800 --> 00:19:30,791
He made a mockery...

270
00:19:31,336 --> 00:19:35,670
of everything Mr. Feldenstein tried to say
in his own defense.

271
00:19:39,244 --> 00:19:42,475
He held him up to ridicule
whenever possible.

272
00:19:43,181 --> 00:19:45,741
What was the reaction of the audience?

273
00:19:46,785 --> 00:19:48,218
They laughed.

274
00:19:48,887 --> 00:19:51,082
Again and again.

275
00:19:52,557 --> 00:19:54,718
How long did the trial last?

276
00:20:05,303 --> 00:20:06,395
Two days.

277
00:20:06,471 --> 00:20:09,804
Was the verdict passed
at the end of the second day?

278
00:20:10,475 --> 00:20:11,601
Yes.

279
00:20:11,743 --> 00:20:13,574
What was the verdict?

280
00:20:13,845 --> 00:20:15,039
Guilty.

281
00:20:15,647 --> 00:20:17,114
And what was the sentence?

282
00:20:19,684 --> 00:20:22,152
Mr. Feldenstein was sentenced...

283
00:20:23,655 --> 00:20:25,145
to be executed.

284
00:20:26,491 --> 00:20:30,518
I was sentenced to be imprisoned
for two years, for perjury.

285
00:20:33,565 --> 00:20:37,092
Who was the presiding judge?

286
00:20:38,637 --> 00:20:40,070
Ernst Janning.

287
00:20:41,840 --> 00:20:44,206
Were the sentences carried out?

288
00:20:50,315 --> 00:20:52,783
Thank you very much, Mrs. Wallner.

289
00:20:52,851 --> 00:20:54,250
That's all.

290
00:20:59,357 --> 00:21:00,756
Any questions?

291
00:21:13,505 --> 00:21:16,997
Your Honor, I would like to request
that the witness...

292
00:21:17,175 --> 00:21:18,870
be kept available.

293
00:21:19,978 --> 00:21:23,345
We will present further evidence
on the Feldenstein matter...

294
00:21:23,415 --> 00:21:26,873
when it comes time for the defense
to present its case.

295
00:21:29,754 --> 00:21:33,019
The witness will please 
hold herself so available.

296
00:21:34,459 --> 00:21:36,791
You may go. 
You're excused now.

297
00:21:59,050 --> 00:22:00,608
Col. Lawson?

298
00:22:05,757 --> 00:22:07,247
Your Honors...

299
00:22:07,626 --> 00:22:10,959
I offer in evidence a decree
signed by Adolf Hitler...

300
00:22:11,429 --> 00:22:12,760
directing all persons accused...

301
00:22:12,831 --> 00:22:17,029
or suspected of disloyalty
or resistance of any sort...

302
00:22:17,802 --> 00:22:19,997
might be arrested secretly...

303
00:22:20,071 --> 00:22:24,337
with no notice to friends or relatives,
without any trial whatsoever...

304
00:22:24,409 --> 00:22:27,139
and put into concentration camps.

305
00:22:27,245 --> 00:22:31,341
I also offer a group of orders
issued under that decree...

306
00:22:32,317 --> 00:22:35,047
each one signed by one of the defendants...

307
00:22:36,221 --> 00:22:41,022
by which hundreds of persons were arrested
and placed in concentration camps.

308
00:22:41,192 --> 00:22:43,217
Signed by Friedrich Hoffstetter...

309
00:22:44,963 --> 00:22:46,692
Werner Lammpe...

310
00:22:48,066 --> 00:22:49,624
Emil Hahn...

311
00:22:50,969 --> 00:22:52,664
Ernst Janning.

312
00:22:55,106 --> 00:22:56,596
Your Honors...

313
00:22:57,776 --> 00:23:00,677
the defendants on trial here today...

314
00:23:00,745 --> 00:23:04,203
did not personally administer
the concentration camps.

315
00:23:05,417 --> 00:23:07,908
They never had to beat victims...

316
00:23:08,553 --> 00:23:12,011
or pull the lever that released gas
into the chambers.

317
00:23:13,525 --> 00:23:17,723
But as the documents we've introduced
into this case have shown...

318
00:23:18,363 --> 00:23:21,730
these defendants fashioned
and executed laws...

319
00:23:22,567 --> 00:23:24,592
and rendered judgments...

320
00:23:26,705 --> 00:23:29,196
which sent millions of victims to their...

321
00:23:30,175 --> 00:23:31,608
destinations.

322
00:23:32,010 --> 00:23:33,534
Maj. Radnitz?

323
00:23:35,580 --> 00:23:40,279
Your Honors, I would like to request that
Col. Lawson be sworn in as a witness.

324
00:23:40,352 --> 00:23:42,820
- Granted.
- Thank you.

325
00:23:48,493 --> 00:23:50,154
Will you raise your right hand?

326
00:23:50,228 --> 00:23:52,196
I swear by God,
the Almighty and Omniscient...

327
00:23:52,263 --> 00:23:55,164
that I will speak the pure truth
and withhold and add nothing.

328
00:23:55,233 --> 00:23:56,325
I do.

329
00:23:59,337 --> 00:24:03,433
Were you active in the United States Army
in 1945 at the close of the war?

330
00:24:03,942 --> 00:24:05,307
Yes, I was.

331
00:24:05,644 --> 00:24:09,512
Were you in command of troops
liberating concentration camps?

332
00:24:09,581 --> 00:24:10,741
I was.

333
00:24:11,349 --> 00:24:13,579
Were you in Dachau and Belsen?

334
00:24:13,918 --> 00:24:15,010
Yes.

335
00:24:15,520 --> 00:24:18,648
Were you present when the films
we are about to see were taken?

336
00:24:18,723 --> 00:24:20,122
Yes, I was.

337
00:24:48,086 --> 00:24:49,280
Okay.

338
00:24:57,862 --> 00:25:02,561
The map shows the number of
and location of concentration camps...

339
00:25:04,069 --> 00:25:05,969
under the Third Reich.

340
00:25:07,839 --> 00:25:10,933
The Buchenwald concentration camp was founded...

341
00:25:11,609 --> 00:25:13,099
in 1933.

342
00:25:15,113 --> 00:25:17,980
Its inmates numbered about 80,000.

343
00:25:20,418 --> 00:25:22,750
There was a motto at Buchenwald:

344
00:25:23,288 --> 00:25:24,880
"Break the body...

345
00:25:27,625 --> 00:25:29,422
"break the spirit...

346
00:25:32,297 --> 00:25:33,764
"break the heart."

347
00:25:36,301 --> 00:25:38,769
The ovens at Buchenwald.

348
00:25:40,105 --> 00:25:43,802
Evidence of last-minute efforts
to dispose of bodies.

349
00:25:45,610 --> 00:25:49,376
The stoves were manufactured
by a well-known company...

350
00:25:50,281 --> 00:25:54,081
which also specialized in baking ovens.

351
00:25:55,153 --> 00:25:58,020
The name of the firm is clearly inscribed.

352
00:25:58,656 --> 00:26:02,114
An exhibit of byproducts of Buchenwald...

353
00:26:03,228 --> 00:26:06,789
displayed for the local townspeople
by an Allied officer.

354
00:26:08,733 --> 00:26:10,963
Brushes of every description.

355
00:26:11,402 --> 00:26:14,929
Shoes, adults and children.

356
00:26:16,040 --> 00:26:17,632
Spectacles.

357
00:26:18,543 --> 00:26:20,534
Gold from teeth melted down...

358
00:26:20,612 --> 00:26:23,672
sent once a month
to the Medical Department of the...

359
00:26:23,748 --> 00:26:25,409
Waffen-SS.

360
00:26:26,117 --> 00:26:29,553
A lampshade made from human skin.

361
00:26:31,623 --> 00:26:33,989
Skin being used for paintings...

362
00:26:35,827 --> 00:26:38,091
many having an obscene nature.

363
00:26:40,398 --> 00:26:43,231
The heads of two Polish laborers...

364
00:26:44,235 --> 00:26:46,999
shrunken to one-fifth their normal size.

365
00:26:48,473 --> 00:26:51,909
A human pelvis used as an ashtray.

366
00:26:56,047 --> 00:27:00,950
Children who'd been tattooed 
to mark them for eventual extermination.

367
00:27:04,589 --> 00:27:07,820
Sometimes mercy was shown
to the children.

368
00:27:08,993 --> 00:27:11,461
They were injected with morphia...

369
00:27:11,663 --> 00:27:14,223
so they'd be unconscious when hanged.

370
00:27:15,233 --> 00:27:19,966
One of the doctors described how they'd
then place ropes around their necks...

371
00:27:20,038 --> 00:27:22,404
and in the doctor's own words:

372
00:27:22,874 --> 00:27:24,603
"Like pictures...

373
00:27:24,976 --> 00:27:28,639
"they were then hanged
by hooks on the walls."

374
00:27:32,984 --> 00:27:35,976
The bodies of those
who had come in boxcars...

375
00:27:36,387 --> 00:27:38,582
without food and without air...

376
00:27:39,190 --> 00:27:42,057
who hadn't survived the journey to Dachau.

377
00:27:43,761 --> 00:27:47,128
Hundreds of inmates were used
as human guinea pigs...

378
00:27:48,066 --> 00:27:50,330
for atrocious medical experiments.

379
00:27:52,437 --> 00:27:57,136
A witness at one of the executions at Dachau 
gave the following description:

380
00:27:59,444 --> 00:28:02,880
"Inmates were made to leave
their clothing on a rack.

381
00:28:03,281 --> 00:28:06,216
"They were told they were going
to take baths.

382
00:28:06,951 --> 00:28:09,044
"Then the doors were locked.

383
00:28:10,088 --> 00:28:12,113
"Tins of Zyklon B...

384
00:28:12,357 --> 00:28:16,020
"were released through
the specially constructed apertures.

385
00:28:18,129 --> 00:28:21,587
"You could hear the groaning
and the whimpering inside.

386
00:28:22,901 --> 00:28:24,766
"After two or three minutes...

387
00:28:25,837 --> 00:28:27,031
"all was quiet."

388
00:28:35,580 --> 00:28:40,347
Death transports that had arrived
included 90,000 from Slovakia...

389
00:28:43,354 --> 00:28:45,618
65,000 from Greece...

390
00:28:47,091 --> 00:28:49,059
11,000 from France...

391
00:28:51,963 --> 00:28:53,931
90,000 from Holland...

392
00:28:57,035 --> 00:28:59,196
400,000 from Hungary...

393
00:29:02,173 --> 00:29:05,631
250,000 from Poland and Upper Silesia...

394
00:29:07,912 --> 00:29:10,642
and 100,000 from Germany.

395
00:29:14,285 --> 00:29:16,412
And this is what was filmed when...

396
00:29:16,487 --> 00:29:19,945
British troops liberated
Belsen concentration camp.

397
00:29:24,529 --> 00:29:26,326
For sanitary reasons...

398
00:29:26,397 --> 00:29:30,993
a British bulldozer had to bury the bodies
as quickly as possible.

399
00:29:38,176 --> 00:29:39,973
Who were the bodies?

400
00:29:41,813 --> 00:29:45,010
Members of every occupied country of Europe.

401
00:29:47,018 --> 00:29:49,418
Two-thirds of the Jews of Europe...

402
00:29:51,189 --> 00:29:52,679
exterminated.

403
00:29:54,125 --> 00:29:56,116
More than six million...

404
00:29:57,462 --> 00:30:01,091
according to reports
from the Nazis' own figures.

405
00:30:05,803 --> 00:30:07,703
But the real figure...

406
00:30:12,744 --> 00:30:14,234
no one knows.

407
00:30:21,586 --> 00:30:24,851
How dare they show us those films?
How dare they?

408
00:30:26,324 --> 00:30:29,054
We are not executioners. 
We are judges.

409
00:30:30,094 --> 00:30:32,892
You do not think it was 
like that, do you?

410
00:30:35,199 --> 00:30:37,167
There were executions, yes.

411
00:30:37,668 --> 00:30:40,262
But nothing like that. 
Nothing at all.

412
00:30:47,011 --> 00:30:48,137
Pohl!

413
00:30:52,950 --> 00:30:57,216
You ran those concentration camps.
You and Eichmann.

414
00:30:58,356 --> 00:31:01,018
They say we killed millions of people.

415
00:31:01,959 --> 00:31:03,790
Millions of people.

416
00:31:04,028 --> 00:31:06,053
How could it be possible?

417
00:31:07,031 --> 00:31:10,762
Tell them. 
How could it be possible?

418
00:31:13,871 --> 00:31:15,361
It's possible.

419
00:31:16,908 --> 00:31:18,000
How?

420
00:31:18,943 --> 00:31:20,433
You mean, technically?

421
00:31:22,880 --> 00:31:25,348
It all depends on your facilities.

422
00:31:25,817 --> 00:31:29,753
Say you have two chambers
that accommodate 2,000 people apiece.

423
00:31:30,154 --> 00:31:31,815
Figure it out.

424
00:31:32,590 --> 00:31:35,821
It's possible to get rid of 10,000
in a half-hour.

425
00:31:37,228 --> 00:31:39,788
You don't even need guards to do it.

426
00:31:40,198 --> 00:31:43,031
You can tell them
they are going to take a shower...

427
00:31:43,101 --> 00:31:46,298
and then instead of the water,
you turn on the gas.

428
00:31:48,172 --> 00:31:52,575
It's not the killing that is the problem.
It's disposing of the bodies.

429
00:31:53,644 --> 00:31:55,441
That's the problem.

430
00:32:46,197 --> 00:32:48,290
- I'm sorry I'm late.
- That's all right.

431
00:32:48,366 --> 00:32:51,699
I was doing some work
for the rebuilding committee.

432
00:32:53,671 --> 00:32:58,199
And I brought you some folders,
so we can decide what you should see next.

433
00:32:58,309 --> 00:33:01,369
There's the Albrecht D�rer house,
and the museum.

434
00:33:02,046 --> 00:33:03,980
When do you think you could make it?

435
00:33:04,048 --> 00:33:05,515
Anytime.

436
00:33:05,716 --> 00:33:07,581
Would you like to order now?

437
00:33:07,652 --> 00:33:10,348
What would you like?
Can I help you with the menu?

438
00:33:10,421 --> 00:33:13,049
No. I don't think I'll have anything.
Thank you.

439
00:33:13,124 --> 00:33:15,456
A glass of Moselle for me, please.

440
00:33:15,526 --> 00:33:16,788
The same.

441
00:33:20,097 --> 00:33:21,758
What's the matter?

442
00:33:22,366 --> 00:33:25,392
Nothing. I'm just not hungry, 
that's all.

443
00:33:36,280 --> 00:33:39,408
The last few days have meant 
a great deal to me.

444
00:33:39,750 --> 00:33:40,808
How?

445
00:33:41,852 --> 00:33:45,913
I don't think you realize
what a provincial man I really am.

446
00:33:47,558 --> 00:33:51,324
I've been abroad 
just exactly once before this...

447
00:33:51,963 --> 00:33:54,761
and that was when I was 
a doughboy in WWI.

448
00:33:54,832 --> 00:33:58,563
I used to pass places like this
and wonder what they were like.

449
00:33:58,636 --> 00:34:01,969
- They've meant a great deal to me, too.
- How?

450
00:34:02,173 --> 00:34:05,472
They gave me back the feeling
I had of the Americans.

451
00:34:05,610 --> 00:34:09,068
The feeling I used to have
when I was in your country.

452
00:34:13,050 --> 00:34:16,281
- Too bad this isn't a magazine story.
- Why?

453
00:34:16,354 --> 00:34:21,257
If it were a magazine story,
two people like us, the rapidly aging jurist--

454
00:34:22,860 --> 00:34:26,057
The rapidly aging jurist
and the beautiful widow...

455
00:34:26,130 --> 00:34:30,464
would transcend their difficulties
and travel places...

456
00:34:30,534 --> 00:34:32,832
either by land or by sea.

457
00:34:47,685 --> 00:34:49,676
I saw Mr. Perkins today.

458
00:34:49,920 --> 00:34:53,686
He told me they'd showed those pictures
in the courtroom.

459
00:34:53,791 --> 00:34:56,282
Col. Lawson's favorite pictures.

460
00:34:57,428 --> 00:35:00,295
He drags them out at any pretext,
doesn't he?

461
00:35:00,364 --> 00:35:03,299
Col. Lawson's private chamber of horrors.

462
00:35:06,737 --> 00:35:08,967
Is that what you think we are?

463
00:35:09,640 --> 00:35:12,108
Do you think we knew of those things?

464
00:35:12,176 --> 00:35:15,509
Do you think we wanted 
to murder women and children?

465
00:35:17,448 --> 00:35:19,245
Do you believe that?

466
00:35:20,117 --> 00:35:21,345
Do you?

467
00:35:22,720 --> 00:35:25,951
Mrs. Bertholt, 
I don't know what to believe.

468
00:35:26,524 --> 00:35:29,186
Good God. 
We're sitting here drinking.

469
00:35:30,328 --> 00:35:34,458
How could you think that we knew?
We did not know.

470
00:35:35,666 --> 00:35:37,293
We did not know.

471
00:35:40,004 --> 00:35:43,405
As far as I can make out,
no one in this country knew.

472
00:35:48,312 --> 00:35:50,837
Your husband was one 
of the heads of the army.

473
00:35:50,915 --> 00:35:53,543
And he did not know.
I tell you, he did not know.

474
00:35:53,617 --> 00:35:55,414
It was Himmler. It was Goebbels.

475
00:35:55,486 --> 00:35:58,546
The SS knew what happened.
We did not know.

476
00:35:59,357 --> 00:36:00,881
Listen to me.

477
00:36:01,025 --> 00:36:04,017
There are things that happened
on both sides.

478
00:36:04,095 --> 00:36:06,928
My husband was a military man 
all his life.

479
00:36:08,099 --> 00:36:11,466
He was entitled to a soldier's death.
He asked for that.

480
00:36:11,535 --> 00:36:15,835
I tried to get that for him, just that,
that he would die with some honor.

481
00:36:15,906 --> 00:36:19,501
I went from official to official.
I begged for that.

482
00:36:20,845 --> 00:36:24,372
That he be permitted the dignity
of a firing squad.

483
00:36:25,883 --> 00:36:27,817
You know what happened?

484
00:36:29,286 --> 00:36:31,117
He was hanged with the others...

485
00:36:31,188 --> 00:36:34,885
and after that, 
I knew what it was to hate.

486
00:36:35,726 --> 00:36:39,059
I never left the house, I never left the room.
I drank.

487
00:36:39,463 --> 00:36:44,059
I hated with every fiber of my being.
I hated every American I had ever known.

488
00:36:46,237 --> 00:36:49,900
But one can't live with hate, 
I know that.

489
00:36:55,880 --> 00:36:59,976
We have to forget, 
if we are to go on living.

490
00:37:48,799 --> 00:37:50,164
<i>Herr</i> Rolfe?

491
00:38:11,322 --> 00:38:13,415
May it please the tribunal?

492
00:38:19,063 --> 00:38:21,964
Yesterday the tribunal
witnessed some films.

493
00:38:24,168 --> 00:38:25,601
They were...

494
00:38:27,104 --> 00:38:28,662
shocking films...

495
00:38:29,974 --> 00:38:31,566
devastating films.

496
00:38:33,711 --> 00:38:35,235
As a German...

497
00:38:38,048 --> 00:38:42,314
I feel ashamed that such things
could have taken place in my country.

498
00:38:45,389 --> 00:38:48,290
There can never be a justification for them.

499
00:38:50,294 --> 00:38:52,091
Not in generations...

500
00:38:53,964 --> 00:38:55,761
not in centuries.

501
00:39:03,207 --> 00:39:06,768
But I do think it was wrong...

502
00:39:08,612 --> 00:39:10,011
indecent...

503
00:39:11,615 --> 00:39:15,415
and terribly unfair of the prosecution...

504
00:39:16,387 --> 00:39:19,754
to show such films in this case...

505
00:39:20,124 --> 00:39:21,648
in this court...

506
00:39:22,026 --> 00:39:23,516
at this time...

507
00:39:23,627 --> 00:39:25,652
against these defendants!

508
00:39:26,430 --> 00:39:28,990
And I cannot protest too strongly...

509
00:39:30,167 --> 00:39:32,032
against such tactics.

510
00:39:39,343 --> 00:39:42,073
What is the prosecution trying to prove?

511
00:39:43,480 --> 00:39:46,244
Is it trying to prove
that the German people as a whole...

512
00:39:46,317 --> 00:39:48,785
were responsible for these events?

513
00:39:48,986 --> 00:39:51,682
Or that they were even aware of them?

514
00:39:51,922 --> 00:39:53,719
Because if he is...

515
00:39:55,859 --> 00:39:57,884
he's not stating facts...

516
00:39:59,597 --> 00:40:01,929
and he knows he's not.

517
00:40:04,902 --> 00:40:09,339
The secrecy of the operations,
the geographical location of the camps...

518
00:40:10,207 --> 00:40:13,802
the breakdown of communications
in the last days of the war...

519
00:40:13,877 --> 00:40:16,812
when the exterminations
rose into the millions...

520
00:40:16,880 --> 00:40:20,680
show only too clearly
that he is not telling the truth!

521
00:40:21,485 --> 00:40:23,077
The truth is...

522
00:40:23,687 --> 00:40:27,054
that these brutalities were brought about
by the few extremists.

523
00:40:28,425 --> 00:40:29,949
The criminals.

524
00:40:32,262 --> 00:40:35,425
Very few Germans knew what was going on.

525
00:40:35,666 --> 00:40:36,963
Very few.

526
00:40:38,702 --> 00:40:41,899
None of us knew what was happening...

527
00:40:43,007 --> 00:40:45,498
in the places shown in these films.

528
00:40:45,909 --> 00:40:47,308
None of us.

529
00:40:53,651 --> 00:40:57,451
But the most ironic part of it is...

530
00:40:59,056 --> 00:41:03,083
that the prosecution showed these films
against these defendants...

531
00:41:03,560 --> 00:41:08,054
men who stayed in power
for one reason only...

532
00:41:08,632 --> 00:41:11,328
to prevent worse things from happening.

533
00:41:13,203 --> 00:41:14,795
Who is the braver man?

534
00:41:15,939 --> 00:41:19,932
The man who escapes,
or resigns in times of peril...

535
00:41:21,045 --> 00:41:23,741
or the man who stays on his post...

536
00:41:23,814 --> 00:41:26,339
at the risk of his own personal safety?

537
00:41:27,785 --> 00:41:31,915
The defense will present witnesses
and letters and documents...

538
00:41:32,222 --> 00:41:35,055
from religious and political refugees
all over the world...

539
00:41:35,125 --> 00:41:38,219
telling how Ernst Janning 
saved them from execution.

540
00:41:38,295 --> 00:41:40,763
The defense will show that many times...

541
00:41:40,831 --> 00:41:43,994
Ernst Janning was able to effect 
mitigation of sentences...

542
00:41:44,134 --> 00:41:48,400
when, without his influence,
the results would have been much worse.

543
00:41:49,173 --> 00:41:51,573
The defense will show...

544
00:41:51,642 --> 00:41:56,102
that Ernst Janning's personal physician
was a non-Aryan...

545
00:41:57,181 --> 00:41:59,012
a Jewish man...

546
00:42:00,284 --> 00:42:03,117
who he kept in attendance,
much to his own peril.

547
00:42:06,724 --> 00:42:09,022
The defense presents affidavits...

548
00:42:10,160 --> 00:42:13,391
from legal authorities
and famed jurists the world over...

549
00:42:13,964 --> 00:42:18,128
pleading that special considerations
must be made in this case...

550
00:42:18,602 --> 00:42:21,070
saying that the entire work
of Ernst Janning...

551
00:42:21,138 --> 00:42:24,665
was inspired by one motive,
and one motive only:

552
00:42:24,742 --> 00:42:28,803
The endeavor to preserve justice
and the concept of justice.

553
00:42:34,051 --> 00:42:35,040
Now...

554
00:42:36,553 --> 00:42:39,488
what has the prosecution to offer...

555
00:42:41,258 --> 00:42:42,623
against this?

556
00:42:43,360 --> 00:42:45,351
The prosecution, in fact...

557
00:42:46,597 --> 00:42:51,330
has presented in the case of Ernst Janning
only one tangible piece of evidence.

558
00:42:51,668 --> 00:42:54,933
The Feldenstein case.
A notorious case, as the defense has said.

559
00:42:55,005 --> 00:42:57,599
A case which never
should have been reopened.

560
00:42:57,674 --> 00:43:00,609
A case which the defense is obliged...

561
00:43:01,745 --> 00:43:03,212
to review now.

562
00:43:04,782 --> 00:43:07,307
The defense calls Mrs. Elsa Lindnow.

563
00:43:25,636 --> 00:43:27,627
Will you raise your right hand?

564
00:43:28,071 --> 00:43:30,062
I swear by God,
the Almighty and Omniscient...

565
00:43:30,140 --> 00:43:33,632
that I will speak the pure truth
and will withhold and add nothing.

566
00:43:33,710 --> 00:43:34,836
I do.

567
00:43:38,816 --> 00:43:40,113
Mrs. Lindnow...

568
00:43:43,620 --> 00:43:45,315
what is your occupation?

569
00:43:45,856 --> 00:43:47,721
I am a cleaning woman.

570
00:43:48,592 --> 00:43:50,219
Where are you employed?

571
00:43:51,595 --> 00:43:56,089
400... 345, Grosse Platz.

572
00:43:56,733 --> 00:43:59,998
- Did you know Lehman Feldenstein?
- Yes. I knew him.

573
00:44:00,070 --> 00:44:01,435
In what capacity?

574
00:44:02,039 --> 00:44:05,475
He was my employer in 1935.

575
00:44:06,109 --> 00:44:08,669
Do you know the witness,
Mrs. Irene Hoffman Wallner?

576
00:44:08,745 --> 00:44:11,236
- Yes.
- In what capacity?

577
00:44:12,449 --> 00:44:14,679
She was a tenant in the building.

578
00:44:14,918 --> 00:44:18,183
Did you ever see Miss Hoffman
and Mr. Feldenstein together?

579
00:44:19,289 --> 00:44:20,347
Yes.

580
00:44:20,991 --> 00:44:22,515
How did this happen?

581
00:44:22,893 --> 00:44:27,762
Mr. Feldenstein came to see Miss Hoffman
at her apartment.

582
00:44:28,665 --> 00:44:29,689
Often?

583
00:44:30,701 --> 00:44:31,861
Quite often.

584
00:44:32,169 --> 00:44:35,627
Were there any occasions
in which you noticed anything unusual?

585
00:44:36,073 --> 00:44:37,131
Yes.

586
00:44:38,242 --> 00:44:40,267
I saw Miss Hoffman...

587
00:44:40,344 --> 00:44:44,337
kissing Mr. Feldenstein
at the door of her apartment.

588
00:44:44,915 --> 00:44:46,815
Was there any other occasion?

589
00:44:47,117 --> 00:44:49,312
Yes, there was one.

590
00:44:49,820 --> 00:44:51,151
What was it?

591
00:44:51,455 --> 00:44:54,049
I came to Miss Hoffman's apartment.

592
00:44:54,124 --> 00:44:56,092
I wanted to clean up.

593
00:44:57,027 --> 00:44:58,756
I thought it was empty.

594
00:45:00,364 --> 00:45:02,298
I saw Miss Hoffman...

595
00:45:02,366 --> 00:45:06,132
sitting on Mr. Feldenstein's lap.

596
00:45:06,670 --> 00:45:08,831
Thank you, Mrs. Lindnow. 
That's all.

597
00:45:11,875 --> 00:45:13,433
Col. Lawson?

598
00:45:19,483 --> 00:45:21,144
Earphones, please.

599
00:45:26,857 --> 00:45:29,121
What are your political affiliations?

600
00:45:31,194 --> 00:45:32,286
Political?

601
00:45:32,663 --> 00:45:34,563
Objection, Your Honor.

602
00:45:36,733 --> 00:45:40,692
This witness' political affiliations
have nothing to do with the testimony.

603
00:45:40,771 --> 00:45:44,730
Col. Lawson is once more trying to appeal 
to the emotion of the court.

604
00:45:45,909 --> 00:45:47,672
Objection overruled.

605
00:45:48,045 --> 00:45:50,479
Would you answer the question, please?

606
00:45:50,547 --> 00:45:53,744
Were you a member
of the National Socialist Party?

607
00:45:54,685 --> 00:45:57,119
Yes, I was.

608
00:45:58,989 --> 00:46:00,786
We were forced to be.

609
00:46:01,258 --> 00:46:03,021
"We were forced to be."

610
00:46:04,428 --> 00:46:07,727
When did you become a member
of the Nazi Party?

611
00:46:09,566 --> 00:46:12,694
1933.

612
00:46:13,036 --> 00:46:16,631
Were all German nationals forced
to become members of the Nazi Party...

613
00:46:16,707 --> 00:46:18,299
in 1933?

614
00:46:21,044 --> 00:46:23,069
Please answer me, Mrs. Lindnow.

615
00:46:23,580 --> 00:46:26,879
Were you forced to become a member
of the Nazi Party?

616
00:46:31,288 --> 00:46:32,482
That's all.

617
00:46:34,424 --> 00:46:35,891
Witness is excused.

618
00:46:52,476 --> 00:46:54,273
Defense may continue.

619
00:47:02,252 --> 00:47:06,313
The defense calls Irene Hoffman Wallner
to the stand.

620
00:47:22,639 --> 00:47:24,106
Mrs. Wallner...

621
00:47:27,310 --> 00:47:29,141
you are still under oath.

622
00:47:32,616 --> 00:47:34,743
Did you come here voluntarily?

623
00:47:34,818 --> 00:47:37,616
Did you report voluntarily
to speak as a witness?

624
00:47:38,155 --> 00:47:39,179
Yes.

625
00:47:41,324 --> 00:47:45,021
Is it not true that the prosecution
asked you to come here?

626
00:47:45,495 --> 00:47:48,328
That it was very disagreeable for you
to come here?

627
00:47:49,232 --> 00:47:53,293
It is always very disagreeable
to live over those times.

628
00:47:55,005 --> 00:47:56,734
That would be in agreement...

629
00:47:56,807 --> 00:47:59,537
with the information I have
that you did not want to come.

630
00:47:59,609 --> 00:48:01,304
Thank you, Mrs. Wallner.

631
00:48:06,583 --> 00:48:10,986
The Nuremberg Laws were stated 
September 15, 1935.

632
00:48:11,655 --> 00:48:13,316
Where were you at that time?

633
00:48:13,390 --> 00:48:14,516
In Nuremberg.

634
00:48:14,591 --> 00:48:16,115
Did you know these laws?

635
00:48:16,193 --> 00:48:19,492
Were you aware that a 
physical relationship with Jews...

636
00:48:19,563 --> 00:48:21,758
was against the law?

637
00:48:22,199 --> 00:48:23,223
Yes.

638
00:48:23,300 --> 00:48:27,396
Were you aware that in Nuremberg,
and in Nuremberg in particular...

639
00:48:28,205 --> 00:48:31,538
not only a physical relationship
with Jews was viewed with disdain...

640
00:48:31,608 --> 00:48:33,132
but every social contact?

641
00:48:33,210 --> 00:48:34,234
Yes.

642
00:48:34,978 --> 00:48:38,641
Were you aware it might have some danger
for you personally?

643
00:48:39,082 --> 00:48:40,845
Yes, I was aware of it.

644
00:48:41,384 --> 00:48:45,480
But how can you discard a friendship
from day to day because of some--

645
00:48:45,555 --> 00:48:48,490
That is another question, Mrs. Wallner.

646
00:48:49,693 --> 00:48:51,558
I did not ask you that question.

647
00:48:51,628 --> 00:48:53,425
Were you aware of it?

648
00:48:53,830 --> 00:48:55,457
Yes, I was aware.

649
00:48:55,632 --> 00:48:57,862
Yet you still continued 
to see each other?

650
00:48:57,934 --> 00:48:58,923
Yes.

651
00:49:01,171 --> 00:49:05,039
Remember, it was disclosed at the tribunal
that Mr. Feldenstein bought you things.

652
00:49:05,108 --> 00:49:06,735
Candy and cigarettes?

653
00:49:06,810 --> 00:49:07,834
Yes.

654
00:49:07,911 --> 00:49:10,539
Remember that sometimes
he bought you flowers?

655
00:49:11,181 --> 00:49:13,411
Yes, he bought me many things.

656
00:49:14,317 --> 00:49:16,376
That was because he was kind.

657
00:49:17,387 --> 00:49:20,481
He was the kindest man I ever knew.

658
00:49:23,360 --> 00:49:25,988
Do you know the witness,
Mrs. Elsa Lindnow?

659
00:49:26,329 --> 00:49:27,819
Yes, I know her.

660
00:49:27,898 --> 00:49:30,594
Was she a cleaning woman
at the apartment you lived in?

661
00:49:31,234 --> 00:49:34,397
Did Mr. Feldenstein
come to see you at your apartment?

662
00:49:34,471 --> 00:49:36,200
- Yes.
- How many times?

663
00:49:38,675 --> 00:49:41,508
I don't remember.

664
00:49:41,745 --> 00:49:43,076
Several times?

665
00:49:43,313 --> 00:49:44,405
Yes.

666
00:49:44,481 --> 00:49:45,971
Many times?

667
00:49:46,049 --> 00:49:47,107
Many times.

668
00:49:47,184 --> 00:49:48,446
Did you kiss him?

669
00:49:48,518 --> 00:49:50,042
Yes, I kissed him.

670
00:49:50,120 --> 00:49:52,213
Was there more than one kiss?

671
00:49:53,223 --> 00:49:54,247
Yes.

672
00:49:55,859 --> 00:49:59,090
But it was not in the way
you are trying to make it sound.

673
00:50:00,864 --> 00:50:03,628
He was like a father to me.

674
00:50:04,568 --> 00:50:07,537
- He was more than a father.
- More than a father?

675
00:50:08,004 --> 00:50:10,165
- Did you sit on his lap?
- Objection!

676
00:50:10,574 --> 00:50:14,510
Counsel is persecuting the witness
in the pretext of gaining testimony.

677
00:50:15,779 --> 00:50:17,110
Objection overruled.

678
00:50:17,180 --> 00:50:19,444
The defense is being permitted to reenact...

679
00:50:19,516 --> 00:50:22,349
what was a travesty of justice
in the first place.

680
00:50:24,487 --> 00:50:27,888
The tribunal makes the rulings in this case,
not the prosecution.

681
00:50:27,958 --> 00:50:29,220
You may proceed. 

682
00:50:29,292 --> 00:50:31,089
Did you sit on his lap?

683
00:50:31,561 --> 00:50:32,550
Yes.

684
00:50:33,196 --> 00:50:37,758
But there was nothing wrong
or ugly about it.

685
00:50:37,834 --> 00:50:40,826
Did you sit on his lap?

686
00:50:40,904 --> 00:50:42,235
Yes, but--

687
00:50:42,305 --> 00:50:45,069
You sat on his lap. 
What else did you do?

688
00:50:46,843 --> 00:50:49,437
There was nothing
that you are trying to say.

689
00:50:49,512 --> 00:50:51,002
There was nothing like that.

690
00:50:51,081 --> 00:50:53,208
What else did you do, Mrs. Wallner?

691
00:50:54,684 --> 00:50:57,346
What are you trying to do?

692
00:50:58,455 --> 00:51:00,389
Are you trying to--

693
00:51:02,892 --> 00:51:07,295
Why do you not let me speak the truth?

694
00:51:07,364 --> 00:51:10,765
That's what we want, Mrs. Wallner.
The truth.

695
00:51:11,434 --> 00:51:13,800
You admitted that you 
continued to see him.

696
00:51:13,870 --> 00:51:16,134
You admitted that he came
to your apartment.

697
00:51:16,206 --> 00:51:19,801
You admitted you kissed him.
You admitted you sat on his lap.

698
00:51:19,876 --> 00:51:22,367
What else do you admit to? 
What else?

699
00:51:22,445 --> 00:51:23,742
Nothing.

700
00:51:25,181 --> 00:51:27,649
There was nothing
like you're trying to make it sound.

701
00:51:27,717 --> 00:51:31,778
- What else?
- There was nothing.

702
00:51:32,822 --> 00:51:33,982
Stop it.

703
00:51:36,192 --> 00:51:38,353
What else do you admit to?

704
00:51:38,428 --> 00:51:39,690
<i>Herr</i> Rolfe!

705
00:51:44,801 --> 00:51:47,031
Are we going to do this again?

706
00:51:52,409 --> 00:51:53,808
Your Honor...

707
00:51:55,111 --> 00:51:58,603
the stress the defendant has been under
is so great that he is not aware--

708
00:51:58,682 --> 00:52:00,081
I am aware.

709
00:52:02,619 --> 00:52:05,019
Your Honor, the defendant
wishes to make a statement.

710
00:52:05,088 --> 00:52:07,147
I believe the defense 
has a right to request--

711
00:52:07,223 --> 00:52:09,350
Order.

712
00:52:14,097 --> 00:52:16,622
Does the defendant
wish to make a statement?

713
00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:20,658
I wish to make a statement, yes.

714
00:52:21,705 --> 00:52:24,765
I believe the defense has the right
to request a recess--

715
00:52:24,841 --> 00:52:27,309
The defendant has the right
to make his statement now.

716
00:52:27,377 --> 00:52:31,473
- I have to speak with my client.
- He has the right to make it now!

717
00:52:42,625 --> 00:52:45,651
Tribunal is adjourned
until 10:30 tomorrow morning.

718
00:52:50,500 --> 00:52:52,161
What are you doing?

719
00:52:53,269 --> 00:52:55,567
What do you think you're trying to do?

720
00:52:56,606 --> 00:52:59,507
They've had Goering. Frank. Streicher.

721
00:53:00,276 --> 00:53:01,607
That's over.

722
00:53:02,345 --> 00:53:05,940
Do you think I have enjoyed
being defense counsel during this trial?

723
00:53:07,083 --> 00:53:10,746
There were things I had to do
in that courtroom that made me cringe.

724
00:53:11,254 --> 00:53:12,778
Why did I do them?

725
00:53:13,323 --> 00:53:16,349
Because I want to leave 
the German people something.

726
00:53:16,426 --> 00:53:18,826
I want to leave them a shred of dignity.

727
00:53:18,895 --> 00:53:21,728
I want to call a halt 
to these proceedings.

728
00:53:21,798 --> 00:53:24,995
If we allow them to discredit 
every German like you...

729
00:53:25,068 --> 00:53:27,866
we lose the right 
to rule ourselves forever.

730
00:53:29,372 --> 00:53:32,535
We have to look at the future.
We can't look back now.

731
00:53:33,176 --> 00:53:36,202
Do you want the Americans
to stay here forever? Do you want that?

732
00:53:36,279 --> 00:53:39,248
I could show you a picture
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

733
00:53:40,049 --> 00:53:42,643
Thousands and thousands of burned bodies.

734
00:53:42,719 --> 00:53:44,482
Women and children.

735
00:53:45,822 --> 00:53:48,086
Is that their superior morality?

736
00:53:48,825 --> 00:53:51,385
Where do you think they take us?
Do you think they know?

737
00:53:51,461 --> 00:53:54,328
Do you think they have any concept
of our problems?

738
00:54:00,170 --> 00:54:01,797
What can I say to you?

739
00:54:03,640 --> 00:54:06,609
What can I say to you 
to make you see?

740
00:54:13,349 --> 00:54:16,375
There is nothing you can say.

741
00:54:18,288 --> 00:54:19,277
Nothing.

742
00:54:19,556 --> 00:54:22,116
<i>Nothing has happened 
to alleviate the crisis.</i>

743
00:54:22,492 --> 00:54:24,483
<i>The crisis reached a head this afternoon...</i>

744
00:54:24,561 --> 00:54:28,497
<i>when all rail travel between 
Western zones and Berlin was stopped.</i>

745
00:54:28,565 --> 00:54:31,159
<i>The blockade by land is now complete.</i>

746
00:54:38,341 --> 00:54:40,309
What do you think we're going 
to do, General?

747
00:54:40,376 --> 00:54:42,139
Do you think we'll withdraw?

748
00:54:42,212 --> 00:54:43,577
We can't withdraw.

749
00:54:43,847 --> 00:54:47,510
If we withdraw under pressure,
our prestige all over the world is threatened.

750
00:54:47,584 --> 00:54:49,950
The Communists will move in
on every front.

751
00:54:50,019 --> 00:54:53,614
What about these trials, General?
How do you feel about them now?

752
00:54:55,492 --> 00:54:57,858
We're committed to the trials.

753
00:54:57,927 --> 00:55:01,886
But I think it would be realistic
to accelerate them as much as possible.

754
00:55:02,298 --> 00:55:05,199
What would happen if they fired 
on one of our planes?

755
00:55:05,268 --> 00:55:07,532
I'm afraid we'll have to face that
when it happens.

756
00:55:07,604 --> 00:55:10,664
There is no other answer
to that question at this time.

757
00:55:13,276 --> 00:55:16,268
You fellows should try some of the strudel. 
It's excellent here.

758
00:55:16,346 --> 00:55:17,711
No, thanks.

759
00:55:18,748 --> 00:55:22,377
Dan, I've just come back from Berlin,
as you know.

760
00:55:23,052 --> 00:55:27,148
I don't think this is going to be it.
A lot of people do, but I don't.

761
00:55:27,557 --> 00:55:29,923
But it is going to be a fight for survival...

762
00:55:29,993 --> 00:55:32,928
for the next 10 years, 
maybe the next 20.

763
00:55:33,763 --> 00:55:35,697
Germany is the key to that survival.

764
00:55:35,765 --> 00:55:38,893
Any high-school student in Geography
can tell you that.

765
00:55:40,870 --> 00:55:43,338
Just what are you trying to say, Senator?

766
00:55:43,706 --> 00:55:45,970
What I'm trying to say is this:

767
00:55:46,042 --> 00:55:49,671
While nobody's trying
to influence your decision...

768
00:55:49,746 --> 00:55:53,648
it's important that you realize this,
because it's a fact of life.

769
00:55:54,117 --> 00:55:57,678
Let's face it, gentlemen.
The handwriting is on the wall.

770
00:55:58,521 --> 00:56:01,081
We're going to need 
all the help we can get.

771
00:56:01,157 --> 00:56:04,456
We're going to need the support
of the German people.

772
00:56:05,995 --> 00:56:07,986
More strudel, gentlemen?

773
00:56:11,801 --> 00:56:14,031
<i>Herr</i> Janning, you may proceed.

774
00:56:19,976 --> 00:56:24,037
I wish to testify
about the Feldenstein case...

775
00:56:25,081 --> 00:56:28,380
because it was the most significant trial
of the period.

776
00:56:30,353 --> 00:56:34,346
It is important not only for the tribunal
to understand it...

777
00:56:35,825 --> 00:56:37,918
but for the whole German people.

778
00:56:39,228 --> 00:56:41,958
But in order to understand it...

779
00:56:42,031 --> 00:56:45,364
one must understand the period
in which it happened.

780
00:56:47,737 --> 00:56:50,570
There was a fever over the land.

781
00:56:50,640 --> 00:56:55,043
A fever of disgrace, 
of indignity, of hunger.

782
00:56:56,346 --> 00:56:58,314
We had a democracy, yes.

783
00:56:59,148 --> 00:57:01,582
But it was torn by elements within.

784
00:57:02,619 --> 00:57:05,645
Above all, there was fear:

785
00:57:06,489 --> 00:57:09,458
Fear of today, fear of tomorrow...

786
00:57:10,360 --> 00:57:12,328
fear of our neighbors...

787
00:57:12,395 --> 00:57:15,262
and fear of ourselves.

788
00:57:16,766 --> 00:57:19,132
Only when you understand that...

789
00:57:19,202 --> 00:57:22,399
can you understand 
what Hitler meant to us.

790
00:57:22,839 --> 00:57:24,773
Because he said to us:

791
00:57:26,242 --> 00:57:27,971
"Lift your heads.

792
00:57:28,044 --> 00:57:29,944
"Be proud to be German.

793
00:57:30,613 --> 00:57:32,308
"There are devils among us:

794
00:57:32,382 --> 00:57:35,715
"Communists, liberals, Jews, Gypsies.

795
00:57:35,785 --> 00:57:39,881
"Once these devils will be destroyed,
your misery will be destroyed."

796
00:57:42,158 --> 00:57:47,152
It was the old story of the sacrificial lamb.

797
00:57:51,267 --> 00:57:53,963
What about those of us who knew better?

798
00:57:54,137 --> 00:57:57,470
We who knew the words were lies,
and worse than lies?

799
00:57:58,207 --> 00:58:01,699
Why did we sit silent?
Why did we take part?

800
00:58:03,913 --> 00:58:06,108
Because we loved our country.

801
00:58:07,483 --> 00:58:09,075
What difference does it make...

802
00:58:09,152 --> 00:58:12,315
if a few political extremists
lose their rights?

803
00:58:12,789 --> 00:58:16,850
What difference does it make
if a few racial minorities lose their rights?

804
00:58:17,493 --> 00:58:19,723
It is only a passing phase.

805
00:58:19,796 --> 00:58:22,264
It is only a stage we are going through.

806
00:58:22,331 --> 00:58:24,731
It will be discarded sooner or later.

807
00:58:24,801 --> 00:58:28,567
Hitler himself will be discarded 
sooner or later.

808
00:58:29,072 --> 00:58:30,767
The country is in danger.

809
00:58:30,840 --> 00:58:33,832
We will march out of the shadows.
We will go forward.

810
00:58:33,910 --> 00:58:36,140
Forward is the great password.

811
00:58:40,116 --> 00:58:44,746
And history tells
how well we succeeded, Your Honor.

812
00:58:46,189 --> 00:58:48,885
We succeeded beyond our wildest dreams.

813
00:58:49,726 --> 00:58:53,127
The very elements of hate and power 
about Hitler...

814
00:58:53,196 --> 00:58:56,597
that mesmerized Germany,
mesmerized the world.

815
00:58:57,633 --> 00:59:00,693
We found ourselves with sudden, 
powerful allies.

816
00:59:01,204 --> 00:59:04,469
Things that had been denied to us
as a democracy...

817
00:59:04,540 --> 00:59:06,337
were open to us now.

818
00:59:06,843 --> 00:59:09,471
The world said, "Go ahead, take it.

819
00:59:10,079 --> 00:59:11,341
"Take it.

820
00:59:11,614 --> 00:59:15,482
"Take Sudetenland, take the Rhineland,
remilitarize it.

821
00:59:15,551 --> 00:59:17,746
"Take all of Austria. 
Take it."

822
00:59:21,257 --> 00:59:25,057
And then, one day, 
we looked around...

823
00:59:25,128 --> 00:59:28,586
and found that we were
in an even more terrible danger.

824
00:59:28,831 --> 00:59:31,299
The ritual began in this courtroom...

825
00:59:31,367 --> 00:59:34,632
swept over the land like a raging,
roaring disease.

826
00:59:36,205 --> 00:59:39,368
What was going to be a passing phase...

827
00:59:41,444 --> 00:59:43,571
had become the way of life.

828
00:59:49,051 --> 00:59:50,382
Your Honor...

829
00:59:52,655 --> 00:59:57,217
I was content to sit silent 
during this trial.

830
00:59:58,995 --> 01:00:02,624
I was content to tend my roses.

831
01:00:04,467 --> 01:00:06,162
I was even content...

832
01:00:07,470 --> 01:00:09,995
to let counsel try to save my name.

833
01:00:11,841 --> 01:00:13,604
Until I realized...

834
01:00:14,811 --> 01:00:19,646
that in order to save it,
he would have to raise the specter again.

835
01:00:23,152 --> 01:00:27,612
You have seen him do it.
He has done it here in this courtroom.

836
01:00:28,457 --> 01:00:32,791
He has suggested that the Third Reich
worked for the benefit of people.

837
01:00:33,362 --> 01:00:38,299
He has suggested that we sterilized men
for the welfare of the country.

838
01:00:39,001 --> 01:00:40,559
He has suggested that perhaps...

839
01:00:40,636 --> 01:00:44,504
the old Jew did sleep
with the 16-year-old girl, after all.

840
01:00:46,142 --> 01:00:49,578
Once more, it is being done...

841
01:00:50,980 --> 01:00:53,175
for love of country.

842
01:00:55,818 --> 01:00:59,686
It is not easy to tell the truth.

843
01:01:01,591 --> 01:01:04,458
But if there is to be 
any salvation for Germany...

844
01:01:05,828 --> 01:01:09,457
we who know our guilt must admit it...

845
01:01:09,765 --> 01:01:11,562
whatever the pain...

846
01:01:13,502 --> 01:01:15,129
and humiliation.

847
01:01:20,443 --> 01:01:22,570
I had reached my verdict...

848
01:01:23,579 --> 01:01:25,308
on the Feldenstein case...

849
01:01:26,148 --> 01:01:28,912
before I ever came into the courtroom.

850
01:01:28,985 --> 01:01:31,510
I would have found him guilty,
whatever the evidence.

851
01:01:31,587 --> 01:01:35,421
It was not a trial at all.
It was a sacrificial ritual...

852
01:01:35,491 --> 01:01:38,619
in which Feldenstein, the Jew,
was the helpless victim.

853
01:01:38,694 --> 01:01:40,924
Your Honor, I must interrupt.

854
01:01:41,163 --> 01:01:43,393
The defendant is not aware
of what he is saying.

855
01:01:43,466 --> 01:01:45,400
He is not aware of the implications--

856
01:01:45,468 --> 01:01:48,130
I am aware.

857
01:01:50,006 --> 01:01:52,566
My counsel would have you believe...

858
01:01:52,642 --> 01:01:55,406
we were not aware
of the concentration camps.

859
01:01:56,746 --> 01:01:58,111
Not aware.

860
01:01:59,649 --> 01:02:00,946
Where were we?

861
01:02:01,517 --> 01:02:05,146
Where were we when Hitler began 
shrieking his hate in the Reichstag?

862
01:02:05,221 --> 01:02:07,883
Where were we when our neighbors
were being dragged out...

863
01:02:07,957 --> 01:02:09,925
in the middle of the night to Dachau?

864
01:02:09,992 --> 01:02:13,359
Where were we when every village
in Germany has a railroad terminal...

865
01:02:13,429 --> 01:02:16,125
where cattle cars were filled with children...

866
01:02:16,198 --> 01:02:19,031
being carried off to their extermination?

867
01:02:19,101 --> 01:02:22,036
Where were we when they cried out 
in the night to us?

868
01:02:22,104 --> 01:02:25,631
Were we deaf? Dumb? Blind?

869
01:02:25,841 --> 01:02:27,809
Your Honor, I must protest.

870
01:02:27,944 --> 01:02:32,506
My counsel says we were not aware
of the extermination of the millions.

871
01:02:33,449 --> 01:02:35,917
He would give you the excuse...

872
01:02:35,985 --> 01:02:40,183
we were only aware
of the extermination of the hundreds.

873
01:02:41,590 --> 01:02:44,559
Does that make us any the less guilty?

874
01:02:46,195 --> 01:02:48,288
Maybe we didn't know the details.

875
01:02:48,931 --> 01:02:53,595
But if we didn't know,
it was because we didn't want to know.

876
01:02:53,669 --> 01:02:55,603
Traitor!

877
01:02:55,671 --> 01:02:56,729
Order!

878
01:03:00,376 --> 01:03:03,573
Put that man back in his seat
and keep him there.

879
01:03:07,850 --> 01:03:10,045
I am going to tell them the truth.

880
01:03:11,454 --> 01:03:16,050
I am going to tell them the truth,
if the whole world conspires against it.

881
01:03:17,126 --> 01:03:22,029
I am going to tell them the truth
about their Ministry of Justice.

882
01:03:24,433 --> 01:03:28,267
Werner Lammpe, an old man 
who cries into his Bible now.

883
01:03:30,139 --> 01:03:33,040
An old man who profited
by the property expropriation...

884
01:03:33,109 --> 01:03:35,907
of every man he sent 
to a concentration camp.

885
01:03:36,979 --> 01:03:39,004
Friedrich Hoffstetter...

886
01:03:39,281 --> 01:03:42,114
the good German
who knew how to take orders...

887
01:03:42,618 --> 01:03:46,782
who sent men before him
to be sterilized like so many digits.

888
01:03:49,792 --> 01:03:51,089
Emil Hahn...

889
01:03:52,595 --> 01:03:55,120
the decayed, corrupt bigot...

890
01:03:55,698 --> 01:03:58,223
obsessed by the evil within himself.

891
01:04:03,939 --> 01:04:05,634
And Ernst Janning...

892
01:04:07,943 --> 01:04:09,706
worse than any of them...

893
01:04:11,247 --> 01:04:13,340
because he knew what they were...

894
01:04:14,350 --> 01:04:16,477
and he went along with them.

895
01:04:19,655 --> 01:04:21,020
Ernst Janning...

896
01:04:22,625 --> 01:04:24,252
who made his life...

897
01:04:26,328 --> 01:04:27,659
excrement...

898
01:04:30,166 --> 01:04:32,157
because he walked with them.

899
01:05:59,021 --> 01:06:00,181
Your Honor...

900
01:06:02,258 --> 01:06:03,885
it is my duty...

901
01:06:05,661 --> 01:06:07,652
to defend Ernst Janning.

902
01:06:08,297 --> 01:06:11,266
And yet, Ernst Janning 
has said he is guilty.

903
01:06:12,468 --> 01:06:16,598
There is no doubt he feels his guilt.

904
01:06:18,507 --> 01:06:22,238
He made a great error
in going along with the Nazi movement...

905
01:06:23,746 --> 01:06:26,146
hoping it would be good for his country.

906
01:06:28,918 --> 01:06:31,352
But if he is to be found guilty...

907
01:06:32,188 --> 01:06:36,181
there are others who also went along...

908
01:06:37,293 --> 01:06:39,727
who also must be found guilty.

909
01:06:41,797 --> 01:06:44,027
Ernst Janning said:

910
01:06:44,099 --> 01:06:47,125
"We succeeded beyond our wildest dreams."

911
01:06:49,138 --> 01:06:52,767
Why did we succeed, Your Honor?

912
01:06:54,410 --> 01:06:56,571
What about the rest of the world?

913
01:06:58,814 --> 01:07:01,681
Did it not know the intentions
of the Third Reich?

914
01:07:03,085 --> 01:07:06,748
Did it not hear the words
of Hitler's broadcasts all over the world?

915
01:07:07,957 --> 01:07:10,425
Did it not read his intentions
in <i>Mein Kampf...</i>

916
01:07:10,492 --> 01:07:12,858
published in every corner of the world?

917
01:07:14,463 --> 01:07:17,830
Where is the responsibility
of the Soviet Union...

918
01:07:17,900 --> 01:07:21,927
who signed in 1939 the pact with Hitler...

919
01:07:22,004 --> 01:07:23,972
enabled him to make war?

920
01:07:25,274 --> 01:07:27,504
Are we now to find Russia guilty?

921
01:07:29,245 --> 01:07:32,681
Where is the responsibility of the Vatican...

922
01:07:32,748 --> 01:07:36,275
who signed in 1933 
the concordat with Hitler...

923
01:07:36,352 --> 01:07:39,185
giving him his first tremendous prestige?

924
01:07:40,723 --> 01:07:43,385
Are we now to find the Vatican guilty?

925
01:07:45,294 --> 01:07:48,593
Where is the responsibility
of the world leader Winston Churchill...

926
01:07:48,664 --> 01:07:52,498
who said in an open letter
to the London <i>Times</i> in 1938:

927
01:07:57,473 --> 01:08:00,738
"Were England to suffer a national disaster,
I should pray to God...

928
01:08:00,809 --> 01:08:04,609
"to send a man of the strength of mind
and will of an Adolf Hitler."

929
01:08:05,281 --> 01:08:08,079
Are we now to find 
Winston Churchill guilty?

930
01:08:08,784 --> 01:08:12,242
Where is the responsibility
of those American industrialists...

931
01:08:12,321 --> 01:08:17,054
who helped Hitler to rebuild his armaments,
and profited by that rebuilding?

932
01:08:18,661 --> 01:08:21,323
Are we now to find
the American industrialists guilty?

933
01:08:21,397 --> 01:08:23,865
No, Your Honor.

934
01:08:25,467 --> 01:08:27,401
Germany alone is not guilty.

935
01:08:27,469 --> 01:08:31,098
The whole world is as responsible 
for Hitler as Germany.

936
01:08:31,173 --> 01:08:33,971
It is an easy thing
to condemn one man in the dock.

937
01:08:34,043 --> 01:08:35,943
It's easy to condemn the German people...

938
01:08:36,011 --> 01:08:38,502
to speak of the basic flaw
in the German character...

939
01:08:38,580 --> 01:08:41,208
that allowed Hitler to rise to power,
but at the same time...

940
01:08:41,283 --> 01:08:43,911
comfortably ignore
the basic flaw of character...

941
01:08:43,986 --> 01:08:47,581
that made the Russians sign pacts with him,
Winston Churchill praise him...

942
01:08:47,656 --> 01:08:50,386
American industrialists profit by him.

943
01:08:54,096 --> 01:08:57,657
Ernst Janning said he is guilty.

944
01:08:59,535 --> 01:09:00,968
If he is...

945
01:09:01,737 --> 01:09:05,571
Ernst Janning's guilt is the world's guilt.

946
01:09:07,543 --> 01:09:10,603
No more, no less.

947
01:09:24,259 --> 01:09:28,923
Major, we have to give the military governor
every help that we can give him.

948
01:09:29,665 --> 01:09:32,998
We have to get 700 tons in the air a day.

949
01:09:40,709 --> 01:09:42,700
This is some operation.

950
01:09:45,047 --> 01:09:49,211
Did you ever think we'd be flying coal
and tomatoes in these crates?

951
01:09:53,222 --> 01:09:56,248
Tad, you and I have been friends
a long time.

952
01:09:56,759 --> 01:09:58,989
That's why I called you here.

953
01:10:02,297 --> 01:10:05,130
What are you going to do
in court tomorrow?

954
01:10:08,337 --> 01:10:11,033
You know damn well 
what I'm going to do.

955
01:10:11,373 --> 01:10:12,863
I know what you want to do:

956
01:10:12,941 --> 01:10:16,741
Recommend they put them behind bars
and throw away the key.

957
01:10:16,812 --> 01:10:19,246
You know what's going on here now?

958
01:10:20,883 --> 01:10:22,009
Yeah.

959
01:10:23,252 --> 01:10:24,981
I know what's going on.

960
01:10:25,053 --> 01:10:26,520
Tad, you're an army man.

961
01:10:26,588 --> 01:10:29,523
You know what we're up against.
The others may not, but you do.

962
01:10:29,591 --> 01:10:31,286
I'll tell you the truth.

963
01:10:31,527 --> 01:10:35,964
I don't know what's going to happen
if they fire on one of those planes.

964
01:10:36,331 --> 01:10:38,595
I don't know what's going to happen.

965
01:10:39,034 --> 01:10:43,027
But if I do know this:
If Berlin goes, Germany goes.

966
01:10:43,772 --> 01:10:46,707
If Germany goes, Europe goes.

967
01:10:47,876 --> 01:10:49,935
That's the way things stand.

968
01:10:51,547 --> 01:10:52,571
That's the way they stand.

969
01:10:52,648 --> 01:10:55,913
Look, Matt, I'm going to go the limit.

970
01:10:56,185 --> 01:10:59,712
And not you, not the Pentagon,
not God on His throne is going to make me--

971
01:10:59,788 --> 01:11:01,949
Who do you think you're talking to?

972
01:11:04,159 --> 01:11:06,627
Who the hell do you think 
you're talking to?

973
01:11:06,695 --> 01:11:10,096
When you were marching into Dachau
with those troops, I was there, too.

974
01:11:10,165 --> 01:11:12,099
You think I'll ever forget it?

975
01:11:13,836 --> 01:11:15,701
Look, I'm not your commanding officer.

976
01:11:15,771 --> 01:11:18,205
I can't influence your decision,
and I don't want to.

977
01:11:18,273 --> 01:11:22,073
But I want to give this to you,
and I want to give it to you straight.

978
01:11:22,811 --> 01:11:25,405
We need the help of the German people.

979
01:11:27,816 --> 01:11:30,011
And you don't get the help
of the German people...

980
01:11:30,085 --> 01:11:33,577
by sentencing their leaders
to stiff prison sentences.

981
01:11:47,302 --> 01:11:49,964
The thing to do is survive, isn't it?

982
01:11:50,639 --> 01:11:54,507
Survive as best we can, but survive.

983
01:12:04,520 --> 01:12:06,420
Just for laughs, Matt...

984
01:12:07,789 --> 01:12:09,916
what was the war all about?

985
01:12:11,927 --> 01:12:13,417
What was it about?

986
01:12:20,135 --> 01:12:24,401
And that concludes presentation 
of documentary evidence...

987
01:12:24,473 --> 01:12:26,532
against these defendants.

988
01:12:35,651 --> 01:12:36,913
Your Honors...

989
01:12:38,787 --> 01:12:43,121
during the three years that have passed
since the end of the war in Europe...

990
01:12:43,859 --> 01:12:47,056
mankind has not crossed over into Jordan.

991
01:12:49,031 --> 01:12:52,125
In our own country,
fear of war has been revived.

992
01:12:52,834 --> 01:12:56,565
And we must look once more
to our defenses.

993
01:12:57,406 --> 01:13:01,399
There's talk of Cold War,
while men and women die in real wars.

994
01:13:03,345 --> 01:13:05,836
And the echoes of persecution...

995
01:13:06,782 --> 01:13:08,272
and atrocities...

996
01:13:09,751 --> 01:13:11,480
will not be stilled.

997
01:13:14,022 --> 01:13:17,822
These events cannot help
but color what happens in this courtroom.

998
01:13:20,562 --> 01:13:23,725
But somewhere in the midst 
of these events...

999
01:13:25,200 --> 01:13:29,762
the responsibility for the crimes
that we brought forward during this trial...

1000
01:13:32,007 --> 01:13:35,534
must be placed in true perspective.

1001
01:13:36,778 --> 01:13:40,544
And this is the decision
that faces Your Honors.

1002
01:13:42,918 --> 01:13:45,113
It is the dilemma of our times.

1003
01:13:48,056 --> 01:13:49,751
It is a dilemma...

1004
01:13:52,794 --> 01:13:54,523
that rests with you.

1005
01:14:00,602 --> 01:14:02,467
The prosecution rests.

1006
01:14:24,192 --> 01:14:27,355
The defendants may now 
make their final statements.

1007
01:14:32,668 --> 01:14:35,637
Defendant Emil Hahn
may address the tribunal.

1008
01:14:41,710 --> 01:14:42,870
Your Honors...

1009
01:14:43,745 --> 01:14:46,976
I do not evade the responsibility
for my actions.

1010
01:14:47,883 --> 01:14:49,510
On the contrary...

1011
01:14:49,584 --> 01:14:52,178
I stand by them before the entire world.

1012
01:14:53,555 --> 01:14:56,752
But I will not follow the policy of others.

1013
01:14:58,093 --> 01:15:00,584
I will not say of our policy today
that it was wrong...

1014
01:15:00,662 --> 01:15:02,892
when yesterday I say it was right.

1015
01:15:04,299 --> 01:15:06,460
Germany was fighting for its life.

1016
01:15:07,135 --> 01:15:10,127
Certain measures were needed
to protect it from its enemies.

1017
01:15:10,205 --> 01:15:13,936
I cannot say that I am sorry
we applied those measures.

1018
01:15:14,009 --> 01:15:16,170
We were a bulwark against Bolshevism.

1019
01:15:17,145 --> 01:15:19,340
We were a pillar of Western culture.

1020
01:15:21,216 --> 01:15:24,447
A bulwark and a pillar
the West may yet wish to retain.

1021
01:15:30,025 --> 01:15:33,825
The defendant Friedrich Hoffstetter
may address the tribunal.

1022
01:15:41,903 --> 01:15:44,633
I have served my country
throughout my life...

1023
01:15:45,874 --> 01:15:48,468
and in whatever position
I was assigned to...

1024
01:15:48,543 --> 01:15:52,070
in faithfulness, with a pure heart, 
and without malice.

1025
01:15:54,216 --> 01:15:58,710
I followed the concept that I believed
to be the highest in my profession.

1026
01:15:59,654 --> 01:16:01,519
The concept that says:

1027
01:16:01,923 --> 01:16:04,756
"To sacrifice one's own sense of justice...

1028
01:16:04,826 --> 01:16:07,192
"to the authoritative legal order.

1029
01:16:08,330 --> 01:16:10,560
"To ask only what the law is...

1030
01:16:11,933 --> 01:16:14,834
"and not to ask whether or not 
it is also justice."

1031
01:16:15,871 --> 01:16:18,840
As a judge, I could do no other.

1032
01:16:19,841 --> 01:16:22,639
I believe Your Honors will find me...

1033
01:16:22,711 --> 01:16:24,201
and millions of Germans like me...

1034
01:16:24,279 --> 01:16:27,180
who believed they were doing 
their duty to their country...

1035
01:16:27,983 --> 01:16:30,713
to be not guilty.

1036
01:16:35,857 --> 01:16:39,224
The defendant Werner Lammpe
may address the tribunal.

1037
01:16:47,135 --> 01:16:48,568
Your Honors...

1038
01:17:20,936 --> 01:17:24,133
The defendant Ernst Janning
may address the tribunal.

1039
01:17:34,516 --> 01:17:37,679
I have nothing to add 
to what I have said.

1040
01:17:48,730 --> 01:17:50,698
The testimony has been received
in the case.

1041
01:17:50,765 --> 01:17:52,323
Final arguments have been heard.

1042
01:17:52,400 --> 01:17:56,962
There remains nothing now but the task
of the tribunal to render its decision.

1043
01:17:58,306 --> 01:18:01,207
The tribunal will recess
until further notification.

1044
01:18:23,431 --> 01:18:26,195
I've collected several 
precedents and arguments here...

1045
01:18:26,268 --> 01:18:30,898
that have a bearing on the basis of the case,
which is, of course, the conflict between...

1046
01:18:30,972 --> 01:18:34,703
allegiance to international law
and to the laws of one's own country.

1047
01:18:37,412 --> 01:18:40,347
We have a mountain of material
to go over here.

1048
01:18:40,415 --> 01:18:42,349
What are you looking at, Dan?

1049
01:18:43,518 --> 01:18:48,353
I was looking at some of these pictures
attached to the warrants for arrest.

1050
01:18:48,423 --> 01:18:49,720
What pictures?

1051
01:18:51,626 --> 01:18:54,891
There's Petersen,
before they operated on him.

1052
01:18:55,530 --> 01:19:00,263
And here's Irene Hoffman.
She really was 16 once, wasn't she?

1053
01:19:02,070 --> 01:19:03,697
Feldenstein.

1054
01:19:06,074 --> 01:19:10,568
And here's the situation of a boy,
certainly couldn't have been more than 14.

1055
01:19:11,346 --> 01:19:14,509
Executed for saying things
against the Third Reich.

1056
01:19:14,582 --> 01:19:17,551
"By order of Justice Friedrich Hoffstetter."

1057
01:19:18,486 --> 01:19:22,547
If I may say so, more pertinent
to the legal basis of the case...

1058
01:19:22,924 --> 01:19:25,392
I have the opening address
of the French prosecutor...

1059
01:19:25,460 --> 01:19:28,190
before the International Military Tribunal.

1060
01:19:28,263 --> 01:19:31,790
"It is obvious that in the state 
organized along modern lines...

1061
01:19:31,866 --> 01:19:36,428
"responsibility is confined to those 
who act directly for the state.

1062
01:19:36,504 --> 01:19:40,463
"Since they alone are in a position to judge 
the legitimacy of the given orders...

1063
01:19:40,542 --> 01:19:42,806
"they alone can be prosecuted."

1064
01:19:42,877 --> 01:19:47,177
I have another from 
Prof. Jahrreiss' legal aspects...

1065
01:19:47,248 --> 01:19:49,409
<i>Trial of the Major War Criminals.</i>

1066
01:19:49,484 --> 01:19:53,887
On the basis of these, I don't see
where the prosecution has put forth...

1067
01:19:53,955 --> 01:19:58,551
a really clear-cut case against the defense
pertaining to the charges in the indictment.

1068
01:19:58,626 --> 01:20:00,253
Regardless of the acts committed...

1069
01:20:00,328 --> 01:20:03,820
we cannot make the interpretation
that these defendants...

1070
01:20:03,898 --> 01:20:07,231
are really responsible
for crimes against humanity.

1071
01:20:10,205 --> 01:20:11,570
What do you think, Dan?

1072
01:20:11,639 --> 01:20:15,575
We've been going over these points all day.
If it isn't clear now...

1073
01:20:17,579 --> 01:20:20,275
Aren't you going to look
at these precedents?

1074
01:20:20,648 --> 01:20:22,809
Aren't you interested at all?

1075
01:20:25,186 --> 01:20:27,518
Yes, I'm interested, Curtiss.

1076
01:20:28,289 --> 01:20:30,621
You were speaking of crimes
against humanity...

1077
01:20:30,692 --> 01:20:33,889
saying that the defendants
were not responsible for their acts.

1078
01:20:33,962 --> 01:20:36,123
I'd like you to explain that to me.

1079
01:20:36,998 --> 01:20:40,161
- I've just been explaining it.
- Maybe.

1080
01:20:40,235 --> 01:20:44,672
But all I've heard is a lot
of legalistic double-talk and rationalization.

1081
01:20:45,707 --> 01:20:49,336
You know, Curtiss,
when I first became a judge...

1082
01:20:49,411 --> 01:20:53,142
I knew there were certain people in town
I wasn't supposed to touch.

1083
01:20:53,214 --> 01:20:56,547
I knew that if I was to remain a judge,
this was so.

1084
01:20:58,353 --> 01:21:01,686
But how in God's name
do you expect me to look the other way...

1085
01:21:01,756 --> 01:21:03,280
at the murder of six million people?

1086
01:21:03,358 --> 01:21:04,825
I'm sure he didn't mean that.

1087
01:21:04,893 --> 01:21:07,088
I'm not asking you
to look the other way at them.

1088
01:21:07,162 --> 01:21:11,223
I'm asking you, what good is it going to do
to pursue this policy?

1089
01:21:14,002 --> 01:21:18,132
Curtiss, you were saying that the men
are not responsible for their acts.

1090
01:21:18,706 --> 01:21:20,901
You're going to have to explain that to me.

1091
01:21:20,975 --> 01:21:23,808
You're going to have to explain it
very carefully.

1092
01:21:31,686 --> 01:21:33,677
The tribunal is now in session.

1093
01:21:33,755 --> 01:21:37,418
God bless the United States of America
and this honorable tribunal.

1094
01:21:58,780 --> 01:22:02,045
The trial conducted before this tribunal
began over eight months ago.

1095
01:22:02,117 --> 01:22:05,951
The record of evidence
is more than 10,000 pages long...

1096
01:22:06,588 --> 01:22:09,887
and final arguments of counsel
have been concluded.

1097
01:22:12,794 --> 01:22:17,026
Simple murders and atrocities
do not constitute...

1098
01:22:17,098 --> 01:22:19,828
the gravamen of the charges
in this indictment. 

1099
01:22:20,869 --> 01:22:24,361
Rather, the charge is that 
of conscious participation...

1100
01:22:26,274 --> 01:22:30,005
in a nationwide,
government-organized system...

1101
01:22:30,078 --> 01:22:32,137
of cruelty and injustice...

1102
01:22:32,881 --> 01:22:36,180
in violation of every moral 
and legal principle...

1103
01:22:36,251 --> 01:22:38,549
known to all civilized nations.

1104
01:22:40,522 --> 01:22:44,959
The tribunal has carefully 
studied the record...

1105
01:22:45,026 --> 01:22:46,891
and found therein...

1106
01:22:46,961 --> 01:22:50,362
abundant evidence to support...

1107
01:22:50,932 --> 01:22:53,594
beyond a reasonable doubt...

1108
01:22:53,668 --> 01:22:56,102
the charges against these defendants.

1109
01:23:07,649 --> 01:23:09,082
<i>Herr</i> Rolfe...

1110
01:23:09,951 --> 01:23:12,511
in his very skillful defense...

1111
01:23:13,188 --> 01:23:16,954
has asserted that there are others...

1112
01:23:18,092 --> 01:23:21,323
who must share the ultimate responsibility...

1113
01:23:21,396 --> 01:23:23,626
for what happened here in Germany.

1114
01:23:23,698 --> 01:23:25,598
There is truth in this.

1115
01:23:27,068 --> 01:23:31,095
The real complaining party at the bar
in this courtroom...

1116
01:23:31,172 --> 01:23:33,003
is civilization.

1117
01:23:34,876 --> 01:23:37,640
But the tribunal does say...

1118
01:23:37,712 --> 01:23:41,978
that the men in the dock
are responsible for their actions.

1119
01:23:44,953 --> 01:23:47,820
Men who sat in black robes...

1120
01:23:49,991 --> 01:23:52,789
in judgment on other men.

1121
01:23:55,196 --> 01:23:56,993
Men who took part...

1122
01:23:58,399 --> 01:24:02,028
in the enactment of laws and decrees...

1123
01:24:04,706 --> 01:24:08,437
the purpose of which
was the extermination of human beings.

1124
01:24:08,843 --> 01:24:11,676
Men who, in executive positions...

1125
01:24:12,280 --> 01:24:16,842
actively participated
in the enforcement of these laws...

1126
01:24:17,452 --> 01:24:20,751
illegal even under German law.

1127
01:24:27,128 --> 01:24:29,358
The principle...

1128
01:24:29,430 --> 01:24:33,958
of criminal law in every civilized society...

1129
01:24:34,035 --> 01:24:35,866
has this in common:

1130
01:24:38,006 --> 01:24:42,739
Any person who sways another
to commit murder...

1131
01:24:44,646 --> 01:24:46,910
any person who furnishes...

1132
01:24:47,849 --> 01:24:51,216
the lethal weapon
for the purpose of the crime...

1133
01:24:52,453 --> 01:24:56,014
any person who is 
an accessory to the crime...

1134
01:24:57,892 --> 01:24:59,223
is guilty.

1135
01:25:03,965 --> 01:25:05,398
<i>Herr</i> Rolfe...

1136
01:25:07,268 --> 01:25:10,431
further asserts that the defendant Janning...

1137
01:25:12,340 --> 01:25:14,604
was an extraordinary jurist...

1138
01:25:14,676 --> 01:25:18,009
and acted in what he thought
was the best interest of his country.

1139
01:25:18,079 --> 01:25:20,240
There is truth in this also.

1140
01:25:22,383 --> 01:25:24,283
Janning, to be sure...

1141
01:25:25,620 --> 01:25:27,315
is a tragic figure.

1142
01:25:27,522 --> 01:25:30,252
We believe he loathed the evil he did.

1143
01:25:31,359 --> 01:25:34,795
But compassion for the 
present torture of his soul...

1144
01:25:34,862 --> 01:25:37,057
must not beget forgetfulness...

1145
01:25:37,131 --> 01:25:41,591
of the torture and the death of millions
by the government of which he was a part.

1146
01:25:43,905 --> 01:25:45,805
Janning's record and his fate...

1147
01:25:45,873 --> 01:25:49,775
illuminate the most shattering truth
that has emerged from this trial.

1148
01:25:50,311 --> 01:25:55,214
If he and all of the other defendants
had been degraded perverts...

1149
01:25:55,783 --> 01:25:58,013
if all of the leaders of the Third Reich...

1150
01:25:58,086 --> 01:26:01,453
had been sadistic monsters and maniacs...

1151
01:26:02,156 --> 01:26:06,388
then these events
would have no more moral significance...

1152
01:26:06,461 --> 01:26:09,953
than an earthquake,
or any other natural catastrophe.

1153
01:26:10,031 --> 01:26:12,158
But this trial has shown...

1154
01:26:13,167 --> 01:26:15,499
that under a national crisis...

1155
01:26:16,504 --> 01:26:19,769
ordinary, even able and extraordinary men...

1156
01:26:21,376 --> 01:26:24,743
can delude themselves
into the commission of crimes...

1157
01:26:25,480 --> 01:26:28,779
so vast and heinous
that they beggar the imagination.

1158
01:26:28,850 --> 01:26:32,342
No one who has sat through the trial
can ever forget them.

1159
01:26:33,454 --> 01:26:36,287
Men sterilized because of political belief.

1160
01:26:37,191 --> 01:26:40,024
A mockery made of friendship and faith.

1161
01:26:40,661 --> 01:26:42,526
The murder of children.

1162
01:26:43,965 --> 01:26:45,956
How easily it can happen.

1163
01:26:47,935 --> 01:26:50,165
There are those in our own country, too...

1164
01:26:50,238 --> 01:26:53,002
who today speak
of the protection of country...

1165
01:26:53,074 --> 01:26:54,803
of survival.

1166
01:26:54,876 --> 01:26:58,403
A decision must be made
in the life of every nation...

1167
01:26:58,479 --> 01:27:02,415
at the very moment when the 
grasp of the enemy is at its throat.

1168
01:27:02,483 --> 01:27:06,647
Then it seems that the only way to survive
is to use the means of the enemy...

1169
01:27:06,721 --> 01:27:10,623
to rest survival upon what is expedient,
to look the other way.

1170
01:27:13,895 --> 01:27:17,592
The answer to that is: 
Survival as what?

1171
01:27:19,000 --> 01:27:23,437
A country isn't a rock.
It's not an extension of one's self.

1172
01:27:24,205 --> 01:27:26,332
It's what it stands for.

1173
01:27:26,407 --> 01:27:30,867
It's what it stands for when standing
for something is the most difficult.

1174
01:27:34,816 --> 01:27:37,284
Before the people of the world...

1175
01:27:37,952 --> 01:27:39,852
let it now be noted...

1176
01:27:41,289 --> 01:27:44,690
that here in our decision,
this is what we stand for:

1177
01:27:45,927 --> 01:27:47,224
Justice...

1178
01:27:47,962 --> 01:27:49,122
truth...

1179
01:27:51,532 --> 01:27:54,160
and the value of a single human being.

1180
01:28:05,313 --> 01:28:09,044
The marshal will produce
before the tribunal the defendant Hahn.

1181
01:28:12,086 --> 01:28:13,314
Emil Hahn...

1182
01:28:13,955 --> 01:28:18,415
the tribunal finds you guilty
and sentences you to life imprisonment.

1183
01:28:18,860 --> 01:28:22,523
Today you sentence me.
Tomorrow the Bolsheviks sentence you.

1184
01:28:29,237 --> 01:28:33,333
The marshal will produce the defendant
Hoffstetter before the tribunal.

1185
01:28:37,111 --> 01:28:38,772
Friedrich Hoffstetter...

1186
01:28:39,247 --> 01:28:43,479
the tribunal finds you guilty
and sentences you to life imprisonment.

1187
01:28:48,189 --> 01:28:52,683
The marshal will produce
the defendant Lammpe before the tribunal.

1188
01:28:58,499 --> 01:29:00,023
Werner Lammpe...

1189
01:29:01,903 --> 01:29:04,531
the tribunal finds you guilty...

1190
01:29:04,605 --> 01:29:07,335
and sentences you to life imprisonment.

1191
01:29:17,318 --> 01:29:21,914
The marshal will produce the defendant
Ernst Janning before the tribunal.

1192
01:29:37,405 --> 01:29:39,202
Ernst Janning...

1193
01:29:40,741 --> 01:29:43,710
the tribunal finds you guilty...

1194
01:29:43,778 --> 01:29:46,474
and sentences you to life imprisonment.

1195
01:29:52,019 --> 01:29:53,987
He doesn't understand.

1196
01:29:55,289 --> 01:29:57,655
He just doesn't understand.

1197
01:29:58,225 --> 01:29:59,954
He understands.

1198
01:30:13,941 --> 01:30:15,909
Justice Ives dissenting.

1199
01:30:18,679 --> 01:30:21,204
I wish to point out strongly...

1200
01:30:21,282 --> 01:30:24,513
my dissenting vote
from the decision of this tribunal...

1201
01:30:24,585 --> 01:30:28,749
as stated by Justice Haywood,
and in which Justice Norris concurred.

1202
01:30:30,591 --> 01:30:33,458
The issue of the actions of the defendants...

1203
01:30:33,527 --> 01:30:37,463
who believed they were acting
in the best interests of their country...

1204
01:30:37,965 --> 01:30:41,526
is an issue that cannot be decided
in a courtroom alone.

1205
01:30:43,537 --> 01:30:46,563
It can only be decided objectively...

1206
01:30:46,641 --> 01:30:50,839
in years to come,
in the true perspective of history.

1207
01:30:58,686 --> 01:31:00,847
Where shall I put these books, 
Your Honor?

1208
01:31:00,921 --> 01:31:02,786
Put them in the trunk.

1209
01:31:06,360 --> 01:31:10,490
Your Honor, here's something for you
to have on the plane.

1210
01:31:10,564 --> 01:31:13,590
No. If you give me any more food,
Mrs. Halbestadt...

1211
01:31:13,668 --> 01:31:15,693
I won't have any room for anything else.

1212
01:31:15,770 --> 01:31:17,965
But it's strudel, the way you like it.

1213
01:31:18,039 --> 01:31:20,132
Thank you for everything.

1214
01:31:21,942 --> 01:31:23,876
- I'll put it in the car for you.
- Thanks.

1215
01:31:23,944 --> 01:31:26,003
Tickets, passport, immunization.
All in order.

1216
01:31:26,080 --> 01:31:29,311
I'll have your baggage checks
and boarding pass at the airport.

1217
01:31:29,383 --> 01:31:31,851
- See you there no later than 3:00.
- Right.

1218
01:31:31,919 --> 01:31:34,786
And give my regards to Miss 
what-was-her-name?

1219
01:31:34,855 --> 01:31:36,720
Scheffler. Elsa.

1220
01:31:37,291 --> 01:31:39,851
- That's one you owe me.
- What do you mean?

1221
01:31:39,927 --> 01:31:43,090
Americans aren't very popular
in Nuremberg this morning.

1222
01:32:44,558 --> 01:32:47,118
- Good afternoon, Your Honor.
- Good afternoon.

1223
01:32:48,863 --> 01:32:53,266
I came here at the request
of my client, Ernst Janning.

1224
01:32:55,302 --> 01:32:57,133
He wishes to see you.

1225
01:32:58,072 --> 01:33:00,267
I'm just leaving for the airport.

1226
01:33:01,942 --> 01:33:05,673
He says it would mean 
a great deal to him.

1227
01:33:11,952 --> 01:33:15,353
Have you heard about the verdict
in the I.G. Farben case?

1228
01:33:16,056 --> 01:33:19,787
Most of them were acquitted.
The others received light sentences.

1229
01:33:20,661 --> 01:33:22,094
The verdict came in today.

1230
01:33:22,163 --> 01:33:23,926
No, I hadn't heard.

1231
01:33:25,099 --> 01:33:26,862
I will make you a wager.

1232
01:33:27,735 --> 01:33:29,327
I don't make wagers.

1233
01:33:30,404 --> 01:33:32,167
A gentleman's wager.

1234
01:33:33,507 --> 01:33:35,498
In five years...

1235
01:33:35,576 --> 01:33:39,376
the men you sentenced
to life imprisonment will be free.

1236
01:33:42,249 --> 01:33:46,481
<i>Herr</i> Rolfe, I have admired your work
in the courtroom for many months.

1237
01:33:47,154 --> 01:33:50,453
You are particularly brilliant
in your use of logic.

1238
01:33:52,693 --> 01:33:55,457
So what you suggest may very well happen.

1239
01:33:56,230 --> 01:33:59,757
It is logical,
in view of the times in which we live.

1240
01:34:01,535 --> 01:34:03,969
But to be logical is not to be right.

1241
01:34:04,939 --> 01:34:08,033
And nothing on God's earth
could ever make it right.

1242
01:34:19,186 --> 01:34:20,813
Someone to see you.

1243
01:34:33,367 --> 01:34:34,766
<i>Herr</i> Janning.

1244
01:34:36,904 --> 01:34:38,166
Judge Haywood.

1245
01:34:40,641 --> 01:34:43,166
Please, sit down.

1246
01:34:43,577 --> 01:34:46,410
Thank you. 
You wanted to see me?

1247
01:34:47,147 --> 01:34:50,480
Yes. There is something 
I want to give you.

1248
01:34:51,619 --> 01:34:52,916
A record.

1249
01:34:55,122 --> 01:34:56,953
A record of my cases.

1250
01:34:57,758 --> 01:34:59,316
The ones I remember.

1251
01:35:00,527 --> 01:35:03,690
I want to give them 
to someone I can trust...

1252
01:35:04,465 --> 01:35:07,662
someone I felt I got to know 
during the trial.

1253
01:35:14,275 --> 01:35:15,503
Thank you.

1254
01:35:18,479 --> 01:35:20,470
I'll take good care of them.

1255
01:35:21,048 --> 01:35:24,575
I know the pressures
that have been brought upon you.

1256
01:35:25,953 --> 01:35:27,944
You will be criticized greatly.

1257
01:35:28,455 --> 01:35:30,923
Your decision will not be a popular one.

1258
01:35:33,761 --> 01:35:36,093
But if it means anything to you...

1259
01:35:37,164 --> 01:35:41,567
you have the respect of at least 
one of the men you convicted.

1260
01:35:42,803 --> 01:35:45,533
By all that is right in this world...

1261
01:35:45,606 --> 01:35:48,575
your verdict was a just one.

1262
01:35:50,244 --> 01:35:51,472
Thank you.

1263
01:35:53,781 --> 01:35:57,239
What you said in the courtroom,
it needed to be said.

1264
01:35:58,218 --> 01:35:59,515
Judge Haywood...

1265
01:36:03,390 --> 01:36:05,620
the reason I asked you to come...

1266
01:36:13,334 --> 01:36:14,824
Those people...

1267
01:36:16,403 --> 01:36:18,132
those millions of people...

1268
01:36:20,007 --> 01:36:22,407
I never knew it would come to that.

1269
01:36:23,544 --> 01:36:25,068
You must believe it.

1270
01:36:30,784 --> 01:36:32,183
<i>Herr</i> Janning...

1271
01:36:34,154 --> 01:36:37,612
it came to that the first time
you sentenced a man to death...

1272
01:36:37,691 --> 01:36:39,522
you knew to be innocent.